* [
http://getdelcodom.com/corelle.html bositeltge]
http://trcalile.com/eltmonrica.html[bositeltge] http://trcalile.com/eltmonrica.html][bositeltge
* http://c4ttapa.com/lisitmondel.html bositeltge
* bositeltge
* bositeltge
* bositeltge
* [http://darrelcn.com/oulialelca.html|bositeltge]
* [bositeltge|http://pasc4tc4tac.com/baszellaro.html]
* bositeltge
* [bositeltge](http://rolidarro.com/deldarro.html "bositeltge")
"bositeltge":http://varnot.com/cacoorl.html
WWW êðàòêî îáî âñ¸ì
âòîð: /RomanSavochenko
Ïðèìå÷àíèå: Ðàçðåøàåòñÿ âíîñèòü èçìåíåíèÿ â äàííûé äîêóìåíò ñ öåëüþ èñïðàâëåíèÿ îáíàðó
OpenDocument:
file:wwwshortall.odtPDF:
ftp://ftp.oscada.org.ua/books/WWWShortAll.pdf
<?xml version='1.0' ?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF8"/>
<title>Çàãîëîâîê ñàéòà</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#818181" text="#000000" link="#3366ff" vlink="#339999" alink="#33ccff">
...
Òåëî ñòðàíèöû
...
</body>
</html>
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Çàãîëîâîê</TITLE>
...
</HEAD>
<BODY>
...
</BODY>
</HTML>
âåäåíèå
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Çàãîëîâîê</TITLE>
...
</HEAD>
<BODY>
...
</BODY>
</HTML>
Web òåõíîëîãèè ïîëó÷àþò âñ¸ áîëüøåå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, à òàê
<HTML><HEAD>
<SCRIPT type="text/javascript" src="http://myscript.js">
//Ìîé ñöåíàðèé
</SCRIPT>
</HEAD></HTML>
function parWrite(str)
{
document.write("<HR><P>" + str)
}
parWrite(2345);
åíèÿ ìàòåðèàëà, â öåëîì, ÿâëÿåòñÿ âà
function list(type)
{
document.write("<" + type + "L>")
for( var i = 1; i < list.arguments.length; i++ )
document.write("<LI>" + list.arguments[i]+"</LI>")
document.write("</" + type + "L>")
}
list("Î", "one", 1967, "three", "etc., etc...");
<INPUT TYPE = "text" NAME = "age" SIZE = 3 onChange="validate(this, 18, 99)"/>
function person(name,age,sex)
{
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
this.sex = sex;
}
function setUser(user)
{
this.user = user;
}
function book(name, author, year, publisher, person)
{ this.name = name;
this.author = author;
this.year = year;
this.publisher= publisher;
this.user = person;
this.setUser = setUser; //Ïîäêëþ÷åíèå ê îáúåêòó ìåòîäà setUser()
}
pers1 = new person("Vasja",24,"M");
book1 = new book("JavaScript","Flenagan",2006,"O`REILY",pers1);
userNm=book1.user.name;
book.prototype.user=null; //Óñòàíîâêà ñâîéñòâà âî âñåõ ýêçåìïëÿðàõ îáúåêòà book
book1.setUser("Vasja");
Äàííûé äîêóìåíò ïðèçâàí ðåøèòü ýòè âîïðîñû ïóòåì ñ
aObjNm = new Array(<arrayLength>);
aObjNm = new Array(<element0>, <element1>, ..., <elementn>);
a = new Array(4);
for (i=0; i < 4; i++)
{
a[i] = new Array(4);
for(j=0; j < 4; j++) a[i][j] = "["+i+","+j+"]";
}
bfalse = new Boolean(false);
ßçûê ãèïåðòåêñòîâîé ðàçìåòêè (HTML, XHTML è XML)
Ïðàêòè÷åñêè, ÿçûê ãèïåðòåêñòîâîé ðàçìåòêè ïîÿâèëñÿ ïåðâûì, ñîâìåñòíî ñ ïðîòîêîëîì HTTP(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol). Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî èçó÷åíèå åãî, êàê îñíîâû Web-òåõíîëîãèè ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïåðâîî÷åðåäíîé çàäà÷åé.
ßçûê ðàçìåòêè HTML ÿâëÿåòñÿ äîâîëüíî ìÿãêèì â ïëàíå òðåáîâàíèé ê ñèíòàêñèñó, ÷òî è ïðèâåëî ê çíà÷èòåëüíûì ïðîáëåìàì â ñòàíäàðòèçàöèè åãî îáðàáîòêè â ðàçëè÷íûõ WWW-áðàóçåðàõ. Äëÿ ðåøåíèÿ ýòîé ïðîáëåìû áûëî ïðèíÿòî ðåøåíèå íà ïîñòåïåííûé ïåðåõîä îò HTML ê áîëåå ñòðîãîìó ÿçûêó XML. Ïðîìå
today = new Date(); //Òåêóùåå âðåìÿ
tmFromStr = new Date("November 3, 2007 13:54:00"); //Èç ñòðîêè
tmSet = new Date(2007,11,3,13,54,00); //Ïðÿìàÿ óñòàíîâêà
Îñíîâíûì ýëåìåíòîì ýòèõ ÿçûêîâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ êîíòåéíåð, âèä êîòîðîãî, óñëîâíî, ìî
var setBGColor = new Function("document.bgColor='antiquewhite'");
document.form1.colorButton.onclick=setBGColor;
<INPUT NAME="colorButton" TYPE="button" VALUE="Change background color" onClick="setBGColor()"/>
<ÈìÿÒåãà òðèáóò1="Çíà÷åíèå àòðèáóòà1" òðèáóò2="Çíà÷åíèå àòðèáóòà2"> Òåëî êîíòåéíåðà </ÈìÿÒåãà>
ÿçûêàõ XHTML è XML íàëè÷èå çàêðûâàþùåãî òåãà ÿâëÿåòñÿ îáÿçàòåëüíûì òðåáîâàíèåì. ñëó÷àå îòñóòñòâèÿ òåëà êîíòåéíåðà âèä êîíòåéíåðà ïðèéìåò âèä:
<ÈìÿÒåãà òðèáóò1="Çíà÷åíèå àòðèáóòà1" òðèáóò2="Çíà÷åíèå àòðèáóòà2" />
Òàêå, ÿçûêàìè XHTML è XML çàïðåùàåòñÿ ïåðåñå÷åíèå òåãîâ. Ò.å. ðàíåå îòêðûòûå òåãè äîëíû çàêðûâàòüñÿ ïîñëå òåãîâ îòêðûòûõ â íèõ.
Îáùàÿ ñòðóêòóðà ñòðàíèöû íà ÿçûêå ãèïåðòåêñòîâîé ðàçìåòêè:
ñëó÷àå ñ HTML ýòà ñòðóêòóðà ìîåò áûòü óïðîùåíà äî âèäà:
Êàê ìîíî âèäåòü èç ïðèìåðîâ, ñòðàíèöà ñîñòîèò èç äâóõ îñíîâíûõ ÷àñòåé:
- Çàãîëîâêà ñòðàíèöû (HEAD)
- Òåëà ñòðàíèöû (BODY)
Êàäàÿ ÷àñòü èìååò ñâîé íàáîð òåãîâ êîòîðûé ìîåò íåçíà÷èòåëüíî ïåðåñåêàòüñÿ. Ò.å. ñóùåñòâóþò òåãè êîòîðûå ìîãóò èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ êàê â îäíîé ÷àñòè òàê è â äðóãîé.
Îñíîâíûå òåãè ÿçûêà è èõ àòðèáóòû:
<HTML> ... </HTML> -- Çàêëþ÷àåò òåëî äîêóìåíòà.
<HEAD> ... </HEAD> -- Çàêëþ÷àåò çàãîëîâêà äîêóìåíòà.
<BODY> ... </BODY> -- Çàêëþ÷àåò òåëî ñòðàíèöû.
BGcolor -- öâåò ôîíà ñòðàíèöû;
Text -- öâåò òåêñòà;
Link -- öâåò ãèïåðòåêñòîâûõ ññûëîê;
ALink -- öâåò àêòèâíûõ ãèïåðòåêñòîâûõ ññûëîê;
VLink -- öâåò ïðîéäåííûõ ãèïåðòåêñòîâûõ ññûëîê;
LeftMargin -- çàäà¸ò øèðèíó ëåâîãî ïîëÿ ñòðàíèöû (â ïèêñåëàõ);
TopMargin -- çàäà¸ò øèðèíó âåðõíåãî ïîëÿ ñòðàíèöû (â ïèêñåëàõ).
<BASE Href="http://my.resource.org/test/"> - Îïðåäåëÿåò áàçîâóþ òî÷êó âõîäà. Èñïîëüçóåòñÿ îòíîñèòåëüíî àäðåñóåìûìè ññûëêàìè. Ìîåò èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ â òåãàõ: HTML, HEAD, BODY à òàêå âíå òåëà äîêóìåíòà.
Target -- áàçîâîå èìÿ ôðåéìà, äëÿ îòîáðàåíèÿ â í¸ì âíóòðåííèõ ññûëîê.
<FRAMESET> ... </FRAMESET> -- Îïèñàíèå ôðåéìîâîé ñòðóêòóðû äîêóìåíòà. Îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ òîëüêî íà îäíîé ñòðàíèöå ÿâëÿþùåéñÿ òî÷êîé âõîäà íà äîêóìåíò. Ñòðàíèöà ñ ôðåéìîâîé ñòðóêòóðîé ìîåò íå ñîäåðàòü òåëà ñòðàíèöû (<BODY>).
<NOFRAMES> Òåêñò </NOFRAMES> -- Òåêñò ñîîáùåíèÿ äëÿ áðàóçåðîâ íå ïîääåðèâàþùèõ ôðåéìû.
<!-- Êîììåíòàðèé --> -- Êîììåíòèðîâàíèå ó÷àñòêîâ òåêñòà.
Òåãè çàãîëîâêà <HEAD>
<TITLE> Hello </TITLE> -- Óñòàíàâëèâàåò èìÿ îêíà áðàóçåðà.
<META Name="Refresh" HTTP-EQUIV="Refresh" Content="1; URL=refresh.htm" /> - Ïðåäîñòàâëÿåò óïðàâëÿþùóþ èíôîðìàöèþ.
Content -- ïàðàìåòð îïöèè, òèï êîòîðîé óêàçàí â HTTP-EQUIV;
HTTP-EQUIV -- òèï îïöèè:
"Content-Type" -- óêàçûâàåò êîäèðîâêó äîêóìåíòà (Content="text/html; Charset=UTF8");
"Cache-Control" -- óïðàâëåíèå êåøèðîâàíèåì:
Content="no-store" -- çàïðåòèòü õðàíåíèå äîêóìåíòà ïîñëå ïåðåñûëêè.
"Keywords" -- êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà äîêóìåíòà äëÿ ïîèñêîâûõ ñèñòåì (Content="home page; Vasa Pupkin").
<LINK Rel="stylesheet" Href="../css/css.htm" Type="text/css" /> -- Îáñëóèâàíèå ðàçëè÷íûõ ñâÿçåé. Îáû÷íî èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ çàãðóçêè ñòèëåé (CSS).
"shortcut icon" -- óêàçàíèå èêîíêè ñàéòà, âûñâå÷èâàåòñÿ â çàêëàäêàõ áðàóçåðà äëÿ äàííîãî ñàéòà.
Type -- òèï ñîäåðàíèÿ (text/css, text/javascript).
<STYLE Type="ÒèïÎïèñàíèÿÑòèëåé"> îïèñàíèå ñòèëÿ/ñòèëåé </STYLE> -- Ñîäåðèò îïèñàíèå ñòèëÿ âñåãî äîêóìåíòà.
<SCRIPT Type="ÒèïßçûêàÏðîãðàììèðîâàíèÿ" Src="URL"> JavaScript/VBScript-êîä </SCRIPT> -- Ðàçìåùàåò íà ñòðàíèöó êîä ñêðèïòà èç ôàéëà. Êîä ìîåò ïîìåùàòüñÿ íåïîñðåäñòâåííî â òåëå êîíòåéíåðà.
Src -- ôàéë ñî ñêðèïòàìè, óêàçûâàåòñÿ â ñëó÷àå çàãðóçêè ñêðèïòîâ èç âíåøíåãî ôàéëà.
Òåãè òåëà ñîîáùåíèÿ <BODY>
Óïðàâëåíèÿ ðàçìåòêîé
<H1> Çàãîëîâîê </H1> -- Îïðåäåëåíèå çàãîëîâêà ñ óêàçàííûì óðîâíåì îò 1 äî 6.
<P/> -- Íà÷àëî íîâîãî àáçàöà.
<ÑÅNÒÅR> Objects </CENTER> -- Öåíòðèðîâàíèå îáúåêòîâ âíóòðè òåãà.
<BR/> -- Ðàçðûâ ñòðîêè (íà÷àòü ñ íîâîé ñòðîêè).
<NOBR> Text </NOBR> - Ôîðìèðîâàíèå íåðàçðûâíîé ñòðîêè.
Óïðàâëåíèÿ îòîáðàåíèåì
<IG> Òåêñò </BIG> -- Òåêñò ñî øðèôò áîëåå ñòàíäàðòíîãî.
<SMALL> Òåêñò </SMALL> -- Òåêñò ñî øðèôò ìåíåå ñòàíäàðòíîãî.
<SUÐ> Èíäåêñ </SUP> -- Òåêñò â íèíåì èíäåêñå.
<SU> Èíäåêñ </SUB> -- Òåêñò â âåðõíåì èíäåêñå.
<FONT> Èåêñò </FONT> -- Òåêñò ñ óêàçàííûìè ïàðàìåòðàìè øðèôòà.
Color -- öâåò øðèôòà.
<I> Òåêñò </I> -- Òåêñò êóðñèâîì.
<B> Òåêñò </B> -- Óñèëåíèå òåêñòà.
<TT> Òåêñò </TT> -- Òåêñò òåëåòàéïîì.
<U> Òåêñò </U> -- Ïîä÷¸ðêèâàíèå òåêñòà.
<S> Òåêñò </S> -- Ïåðå÷¸ðêèâàíèå òåêñòà.
<ÅÌ> Òåêñò </ÅÌ> -- Òèïîãðàôñêè óñèëåííûé òåêñò.
<ÑIÒÅ> Òåêñò </ÑIÒÅ> -- Öèòàòà.
<STRONG> Òåêñò </STRONG> -- Óñèëåííûé òåêñò.
<ÑODE> Òåêñò </ÑÎDE> -- Èñõîäíûå òåêñòû êîäà (íàïðèìåð, "êîäû ïðîãðàììû").
<SÌÐ> Òåêñò </SÌÐ> -- Ëèòåðàëû.
<ÊD> Òåêñò </ÊD> -- Êëàâèàòóðíûå ñèìâîëû.
<VAR> Òåêñò </VAR> -- Ïåðåìåííàÿ.
<DFN> Òåêñò </DFN> -- Îïðåäåëåíèå.
<Q> Òåêñò </Q> -- Òåêñò â ñêîáêàõ.
<ÐRÅ> Òåêñò </PRE> -- Ïðåôîðìàòèðîâàííûé âûâîä òåêñòà (êàê åñòü).
<LÎÑKQUOTE> Òåêñò </LÎÑKQUOTE> -- Ôîðìèðîâàíèå áëîêîâ öèòàò. Äîáàâëÿþòñÿ ïîëÿ ñëåâà è ñïðàâà îò òåêñòà.
<HR/> -- Ãîðèçîíòàëüíàÿ ëèíåéêà.
<FIELDSET> Òåêñò </FIELDSET> -- Áîðäþð âîêðóã òåêñòà èëè ïðîèçâîëüíîãî ó÷àñòêà ñòðàíèöû.
Ñïèñêè
<DL>...</DL> -- Ôîðìèðóåò ñïèñîê îïðåäåëåíèé.
<DD> Îïðåäåëåíèå </DD> -- Îïðåäåëåíèå.
<UL>...</UL> -- Íåíóìåðîâàííûé ñïèñîê.
<LI> Ýëåìåíò </LI> -- Îïèñàíèå ýëåìåíòà ïåðå÷èñëåíèÿ.
<OL>...</OL> -- Íóìåðîâàííûé ñïèñîê.
<LI> Ýëåìåíò </LI> -- Îïèñàíèå ýëåìåíòà ïåðå÷èñëåíèÿ.
Òàáëèöû
<TABLE> ... </TABLE> -- Îïèñàíèå òàáëèöû.
Border -- òèï è ðàçìåð ãðàíèöû òàáëèöû;
Width -- îáùàÿ øèðèíà òàáëèöû (â ïèêñåëàõ èëè ïðîöåíòàõ - 50%, 300);
Height -- îáùàÿ âûñîòà òàáëèöû;
ÑellPadding -- øèðèíà ïóñòîãî ïðîñòðàíñòâà ìåäó ñîäåðèìûì ÿ÷åéêè è åå ãðàíèöàìè;
CellSpacing -- øèðèíà ïðîìåóòêîâ ìåäó ÿ÷åéêàìè;
BgColor -- öâåò ôîíà òàáëèöû;
BackGround -- ôîíîâîå èçîáðàåíèå äëÿ òàáëèöû.
<CAPTION>Ïîäïèñü</CAPTION> -- Óêàçàíèå ïîäïèñè òàáëèöû.
<TR> ... </TR> -- Ôîðìèðîâàíèå ñòðîêè.
BgColor -- öâåò ôîíà ñòðîêè;
Align -- âûðàâíèâàíèå ïî ãîðèçîíòàëè (blåådleft, left, ñånter, right);
Valign -- âûðàâíèâàíèå ïî âåðòèêàëå (top, middle, bottom).
<TD Colspan="3">Òåêñò</TD> -- Îïèñàíèå ÿ÷åéêè ñòðîêè.
Valign -- âûðàâíèâàíèå ïî âåðòèêàëå (top, middle, bottom);
ColSpan -- îáúåäèíåíèå óêàçàííîãî êîëè÷åñòâà êîëîíîê â îäíó;
RowSpan -- îáúåäèíåíèå óêàçàííîãî êîëè÷åñòâà ñòðîê â îäíó;
Nowrap -- íå ïåðåíîñèòü ñîäåðèìîå ÿ÷åéêè íà ñëåäóþùóþ ñòðîêó;
BgColor -- öâåò ôîíà ÿ÷åéêè;
BackGround -- ôîíîâîå èçîáðàåíèå ÿ÷åéêè;
Width -- øèðèíà ÿ÷åéêè.
<TH> Òåêñò </TH> -- Çàãîëîâîê.
Valign -- âûðàâíèâàíèå ïî âåðòèêàëå (top, middle, bottom);
Colspan -- îáúåäèíåíèå óêàçàííîãî êîëè÷åñòâà êîëîíîê â îäíó;
RowSpan -- îáúåäèíåíèå óêàçàííîãî êîëè÷åñòâà ñòðîê â îäíó;
Nowrap -- íå ïåðåíîñèòü ñîäåðèìîå ÿ÷åéêè íà ñëåäóþùóþ ñòðîêó;
BgColor -- öâåò ôîíà ÿ÷åéêè;
BackGround -- ôîíîâîå èçîáðàåíèå ÿ÷åéêè;
Width -- øèðèíà ÿ÷åéêè.
Ãèïåðòåêñòîâûå ññûëêè
<A Href="http://myaddr.org"> Ìîÿ ññûëêà </A> - ßêîðü. Ôîðìèðîâàíèå òåêñòîâîé ññûëêè.
<A Href=" íà òî÷êó "ðîint" â äîêóìåíòå</A>
<A Href="http://myaddr.org"><IMG Href="http://youraddr.org/img.png"/></A> -- Ðèñóíîê â êà÷åñòâå ññûëêè.
<A Href="mailto:myaddr@mail.org">Ññûëêà íà àäðåñ ýëåêòðîííîé ïî÷òû</A>.
Name -- îáúÿâëåíèå òî÷êè äëÿ ññûëêè âíóòðè äîêóìåíòà (Name="ðîint").
Èçîáðàåíèÿ
<IMG Src="http://mysite.org/img.png" Alt="Ðèñóíîê"/> -- Ôîðìèðîâàíèå ðèñóíêà.
Alt -- òåêñò âûâîäèìûé áðàóçåðîì âìåñòî èçîáðàåíèÿ (èçîáðàåíèÿ âûêëþ÷åíû);
Align -- ñïîñîá îáòåêàíèÿ èçîáðàåíèÿ (top, texttop, middle, absmiddle, baseline, bottom, absbottom, left, right, all);
ÍSpace -- øèðèíà ãîðèçîíòàëüíûõ ïîëåé îòäåëÿþùèõ ðèñóíîê;
VSpace -- øèðèíà âåðòèêàëüíûõ ïîëåé îòäåëÿþùèõ ðèñóíîê;
Border -- øèðèíà ðàìêè âîêðóã èçîáðàåíèÿ.
Width -- øèðèíà èçîáðàåíèÿ;
Height -- âûñîòà èçîáðàåíèÿ;
Usemap -- èìÿ êàðòû äàííîãî èçîáðàåíèÿ <IMG Src="mage.png" Alt="Èçîáðàåíèÿ" Usemap="#map">, êàðòà îïèñûâàåò àêòèâíûå ó÷àñòêè èçîáðàåíèÿ.
<MAP Name="map"> ... </MAP> -- Îïèñàíèå êàðòû èçîáðàåíèÿ.
<AREA Shape="rect" Coords="0,0,100,100" Href="http://mydomain.org"/> -- Îïèñàíèå àêòèâíîé îáëàñòè è ññûëêè.
Coords -- êîîðäèíàòû àêòèâíîé îáëàñòè;
Href -- àäðåñ ãèïåðñûëêè;
Nohref -- áåç ññûëêè.
Ôîðìû
<FORM Method="post" Action="http://mydomen.org"> ... </FORM> -- Ôîðìèðîâàíèå ôîðìû.
Action -- àäðåñ ñåðâåðà îáðàáàòûâàþùåãî äàííûå ôîðìû.
<INPUT Name="Name" Size="35"/> -- Ïîëå ââîäà ñòðîêè.
Type -- òèï ïîëÿ ââîäà:
"checkbox" -- ôëàîê âûáîðà (Checked -- âûáðàí);
"radio" -- ôëàîê âûáîðà îäíîãî èç ãðóïïû ôëàêîâ;
"password" -- ïîëå ââîäà ïàðîëÿ (áåç îòîáðàåíèÿ ââåäåííûõ ñèìâîëîâ);
"reset" -- êíîïêà ñáðîñà ôîðìû (Value -- íàäïèñü íà êíîïêå);
"submit" -- êíîïêà çàâåðøåíèÿ ââîäà äàííûõ (Value -- íàäïèñü íà êíîïêå);
"hidden" -- ñêðûòîå ïîëå (äëÿ ñêðûòèÿ àòðèáóòîâ Name è Value è èñïîëüçîâàíèå èõ â óïðàâëÿþùèõ öåëÿõ);
"file" -- ïîëå ââîäà/âûáîðà ôàéëà;
"button" -- êíîïêà;
"image" -- âûïîëíÿåò ôóíêöèþ çàâåðøåíèÿ ââîäà ïî êëèêó íà èçîáðàåíèè (Src -- ñîäåðèò àäðåñ èçîáðàåíèÿ).
Size -- ðàçìåð ïîëÿ ââîäà (ñèìâîëîâ);
Value -- íà÷àëüíîå çíà÷åíèå ïîëÿ ââîäà èëè èìÿ äëÿ checkbox è radio, à òàêå íàäïèñü íà êíîïêàõ;
Src -- ñîäåðèò ïóòü ê ôàéëó èçîáðàåíèÿ äëÿ êíîïîê;
Align -- âûðàâíèâàíèå äëÿ (Type="image");
Checked -- ôëàîê âûáðàí (äëÿ Type="checkbox");
Disabled -- ïîëå ââîäà íåàêòèâíî/îòêëþ÷åíî.
<TEXTAREA Name="name" Cols="38" Rows="3">Òåêñò</TEXTAREA> -- Îáëàñòü ââîäà áîëüøîãî êîëè÷åñòâà òåêñòà.
Cols -- êîëè÷åñòâî êîëîíîê ââîäà;
Rows -- êîëè÷åñòâî âèäèìûõ ñòðîê òåêñòîâîãî ââîäà.
<SELECT Name="mysel"> ... </SELECT> -- Ïîëå âûáîðà çíà÷åíèé (combobox).
Name -- íàèìåíîâàíèå îáúåêòà;
Size -- êîëè÷åñòâî âèäèìûõ ñòðîê ñïèñêà (1 - êàê combobox).
Value -- çíà÷åíèå âîçâðàùàåìîå ôîðìîé ïðè âûáîðå.
Ôðåéìû
<FRAMESET Cols="30%,*"> ... </FRAMESET> -- Ôîðìèðîâàíèå ôðåéìîâîé ñòðóêòóðû.
Rows -- ïåðå÷åíü (÷åðåç ",") ñòðîê è èõ ðàçìåðû (* - îñòàâøååñÿ ïðîñòðàíñòâî).
<FRAMESET Cols="30%,*"> ... </FRAMESET> -- Ðåêóðñèâíîå âëîåíèå ôðåéìîâûõ ñòðóêòóð.
<FRAME Src="index.html" Name="Left" /> -- Îïèñàíèå îòäåëüíî âçÿòîãî ôðåéìà.
Src -- óêàçûâàåò íà URL ôðåéìà;
ÌarginWidth -- ãîðèçîíòàëüíûé îòñòóï ìåäó ñîäåðèìûì êàäðà è åãî ãðàíèöàìè;
ÌarginHeight -- âåðòèêàëüíûé îòñòóï ìåäó ñîäåðèìûì êàäðà è åãî ãðàíèöàìè;
Scrolling -- íàëè÷èå ïîëîñû ïðîêðóòêè âî ôðåéìå (no,yes,auto);
NoResize -- çàïðåòèòü èçìåíåíèå ðàçìåðà ôðåéìà.
<NOFRAMES> Òåêñò </NOFRAMES> -- Ñîäåðèò èíôîðìàöèþ äëÿ áðàóçåðîâ íå ïîääåðèâàþùèõ ôðåéìû.
Êàñêàäíûå òàáëèöû ñòèëåé (CSS)
Ïðåäíàçíà÷åíû äëÿ ðàñøèðåíèÿ óïðàâëÿåìîñòè òåêñòîâîé ÷àñòè äîêóìåíòà, à òàêå äëÿ âûäåëåíèÿ ñòèëåâîé ñîñòàâëÿþùåé äîêóìåíòà â îòäåëüíóþ ÷àñòü, îñòàâèâ ÿçûêàì HTML/XHTML/XML äåêëàðàòèâíûå ôóíêöèè â ôîðìèðîâàíèè äîêóìåíòà.
Ïîääåðèâàåòñÿ íåñêîëüêî ñïîñîáîâ âêëþ÷åíèÿ ñòèëåé â äîêóìåíò. ñå îíè ïåðå÷èñëåíû íèå â ñîîòâåòñòâèå ñ èåðàðõè÷íîñòüþ:
- Çàãðóçêà èç ôàéëà ïîñðåäñòâîì òåãà <LINK> â çàãîëîâêå <HEAD>: <LINK Rel="stylesheet" Href="../css/css.htm" Type="text/css" />;
- Îïèñàíèå â òåãå <STYLE> çàãîëîâêà äîêóìåíòà <HEAD>: <STYLE>P { color:grey; text-align:left }</STYLE>;
- Îïèñàíèå ñòèëÿ íåïîñðåäñòâåííî â òåãå íàçíà÷åíèÿ èñïîëüçóÿ àòðèáóò Style: <P Style="color:grey; text-align:left"></P>.
Ñèíòàêñèñ îïèñàíèÿ ñòèëåé ìîåò áûòü äâóõ òèïîâ:
selector[, selector[, ...]]{ attribute:value;[atribute:value;...] } -- ïåðå÷èñëåíèå ñåëåêòîðîâ, äëÿ êîòîðûõ äåéñòâóåò äàííîå îïèñàíèå ñòèëÿ.
selector selector [selector ...] { attribute:value;[atribute:value;...] } -- çàäàíèå èåðàðõèè âëîåííîñòè ñåëåêòîðîâ, äëÿ ñîâîêóïíîñòè êîòîðûõ îïðåäåëåí ñòèëü.
Ïðè ýòîì ñåëåêòîð <selector> ìîåò áûòü ïðåäñòàâëåí ñëåäóþùèìè ñïîñîáàìè:
- Èìåíåì òåãà: P { color:grey; text-align:left }.
- Êëàññîì ñòèëÿ: .myclass { color:grey; text-align:left }. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå êëàññà äîëíî óêàçûâàòüñÿ â òåãàõ ñ ïîìîùüþ àòðèáóòà Class: <P Class="myclass"></P>.
- Èìåíåì òåãà è êëàññîì ñòèëÿ: P.myclass { color:grey; text-align:left }. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå òàêå äîëíî óêàçûâàòüñÿ â òåãàõ ñ ïîìîùüþ àòðèáóòà Class: <P Class="myclass"></P>.
- Ïî èäåíòèôèêàòîðó òåãà: #myid { color:grey; text-align:left }. Ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, ó òåãà äîëåí áûòü îïðåäåë¸í àòðèáóò Id: <P Id="myid"></P>.
- Ïî ìîäèôèêàòîðó òåãà: P:first-line { color:green }.
Ñïåöèôèêàöèÿ ÿçûêîâ HTML/XHTML/XML ñîäåðèò îïðåäåëåíèå îáîáùàþùèõ ýëåìåíòîâ. Ýòèìè ýëåìåíòàìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ áëî÷íûé DIV è ñòðîêîâûé SPAN. ñå äðóãèå ýëåìåíòû òåêñòîâîé ðàçìåòêè ìîíî îïèñàòü ÷åðåç DIV è SPAN èñïîëüçóÿ CSS. Ñîáñòâåííî, òîëüêî â ñâÿçêå ñ CSS ýëåìåíòû DIV è SPAN èìåþò ñìûñë.
áëî÷íîì ýëåìåíòå DIV ìîíî ìàíèïóëèðîâàòü ãðàíèöàìè áëîêà (border), îòñòóïàìè ê íåé îò âíåøíåãî áëîêà (margin) è îò âíóòðåííåãî (padding).
òðèáóòû
Ãðàíèöû áëîêà
- border -- êðàòêîå îïèñàíèå ïàðàìåòðîâ âñåé ãðàíèöû ("1px solid blue");
- border-top -- êðàòêîå îïèñàíèå ïàðàìåòðîâ ãðàíèöû ñâåðõó;
- border-bottom -- êðàòêîå îïèñàíèå ïàðàìåòðîâ ãðàíèöû ñíèçó;
- border-left -- êðàòêîå îïèñàíèå ïàðàìåòðîâ ãðàíèöû ñëåâà;
- border-right -- êðàòêîå îïèñàíèå ïàðàìåòðîâ ãðàíèöû ñïðàâà;
- border-width -- îáùàÿ øèðèíà ãðàíèöû;
- border-top-width -- øèðèíà ãðàíèöû ñâåðõó;
- border-bottom-width -- øèðèíà ãðàíèöû ñíèçó;
- border-left-width -- øèðèíà ãðàíèöû ñëåâà;
- border-right-width -- øèðèíà ãðàíèöû ñïðàâà;
- border-color -- îáùèé öâåò ãðàíèöû;
- border-top-color -- öâåò âåðõíåé ãðàíèöû;
- border-bottom-color -- öâåò íèíåé ãðàíèöû;
- border-left-color -- öâåò ëåâîé ãðàíèöû;
- border-right-color -- öâåò ïðàâîé ãðàíèöû;
- border-style -- îáùèé ñòèëü ãðàíèöû (none, dotted, dashed, solid, double, groove, ridge, inset, outset);
- border-top-style -- ñòèëü âåðõíåé ãðàíèöû;
- border-bottom-style -- ñòèëü íèíåé ãðàíèöû;
- border-left-style -- ñòèëü ëåâîé ãðàíèöû;
- border-right-style -- ñòèëü ïðàâîé ãðàíèöû.
Îòñòóïû áëîêà. Îòñòóïû îò âíåøíåãî áëîêà (margin) è îò âíóòðåííåãî, íàáèâêà (padding)
- margin -- îáùèé âíåøíèé îòñòóï ("5px" èëè ïåðå÷èñëåíèå: "5px 3px 5px 3px");
- margin-top -- âåðõíèé âíåøíèé îòñòóï;
- margin-bottom -- íèíèé âíåøíèé îòñòóï;
- margin-left -- ëåâûé âíåøíèé îòñòóï;
- margin-right -- ïðàâûé âíåøíèé îòñòóï;
- padding -- îáùèé ðàçìåð íàáèâêè ("4px" èëè ïåðå÷èñëåíèå: "4px 3px 2px 1px");
- padding-left -- ðàçìåð íàáèâêè ñëåâà;
- padding-right -- ðàçìåð íàáèâêè ñïðàâà;
- padding-top -- ðàçìåð íàáèâêè ñâåðõó;
- padding-bottom -- ðàçìåð íàáèâêè ñíèçó.
Îáòåêàíèå è âûðàâíèâàíèå áëîêà
- float -- ôîðìèðîâàíèå ïëàâàþùåãî áëîêà è åãî ðàñïîëîåíèå (left, right, both);
- clear -- îáòåêàíèå áëîêà (right, left, none, both).
Öâåò è øðèôò â CSS
- color -- öâåò òåêñòà;
- background -- êðàòêîå îïèñàíèå õàðàêòåðèñòèê ôîíà (background: blue http://mysyte.org/bk.png no-repeat fixed center);
- background-color -- öâåò ôîíà;
- background-image -- àäðåñ ôîíîâîãî èçîáðàåíèÿ;
- background-repeat -- ?
- background-attachment -- ?
- background-position -- ?
- font -- êðàòêîå îïèñàíèå øðèôòà (font:bold 10pt verbana);
- font-family -- ñåìåéñòâî øðèôòà (verbana, arial, sans-serif);
- font-style -- ñòèëü øðèôòà (italic, normal );
- font-weight -- óñèëåíèå øðèôòà (normal, bold);
- font-size -- ðàçìåð øðèôòà, êåãëü (10pt, large, larger, small, smaller, medium, x-small, xx-small);
- font-variant -- âàðèàíò íà÷åðòàíèÿ êîïèòåëü (normal, small-caps).
Óïðàâëåíèå òåêñòîì
- letter-spacing -- ðàññòîÿíèå ìåäó áóêâàìè òåêñòà;
- line-height -- ðàññòîÿíèå ìåäó ñòðîêàìè òåêñòà;
- text-align -- âûðàâíèâàíèå òåêñòà (justify, left, right, center);
- text-transform -- ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå òåêñòà (uppercase, lowercase, capitalize);
- text-decoration -- îôîðìëåíèå òåêñòà (none, underline, line-through);
- text-indent -- îòñòóï ïåðâîé ñòðîêè ïàðàãðàôà (àáçàö).
Óïðàâëåíèå âèäèìîñòüþ. Ñëîè. Ïîëîåíèÿ è ðàçìåðû áëîêîâ
- position -- òèï ïîçèöèîíèðîâàíèÿ:
"absolute" -- îòíîñèòåëüíî ëåâîãî âåðõíåãî óãëà äîêóìåíòà;
"relative" -- îòíîñèòåëüíî ëåâîãî âåðõíåãî óãëà ðîäèòåëüñêîãî èëè ïðåäûäóùåãî áëîêà.
- top -- ðàññòîÿíèå äî áëîêà îò âåðõà ãðàíèöû;
- left -- ðàññòîÿíèå äî áëîêà îò ëåâîé ãðàíèöû;
- height -- âûñîòà áëîêà;
- width -- øèðèíà áëîêà;
- visibility -- âèäèìîñòü áëîêà (hidden, visible);
- z-index -- ïîðÿäîê ïåðåêðûòèÿ, áîëüøåå çíà÷åíèå àòðèáóòà îïðåäåëÿåò âåðõíèé áëîê;
- clip -- âûäåëåíèå ÷àñòè áëîêà (clip:rect(0,50,10,5)).
Äðóãèå àòðèáóòû
- display -- îïðåäåëÿåò âèäèìîñòü ýëåìåíòà (none);
- list-style-type -- ñòèëü çíà÷êîâ ñïèñêà (none, square, disk, circle, lower-roman, upper-alpha, lower-alpha);
- white-space -- ïóñòîå ïðîñòðàíñòâî (nowrap).
- font-face -- ?;
- vertical-align -- âåðòèêàëüíîå âûðàâíèâàíèå (top).
Ìîäèôèêàòîðû òåãîâ
Ìîäèôèêàòîðû èñïîëüçóþòñÿ äëÿ êîíêðåòèçàöèè ãðóïïû ñâîéñòâ òåãà.
Òåêñò <span>:
- :first-line -- ìîäèôèêàòîð ïåðâîé ñòðîêè ïàðàìåòðà;
- :first-letter -- ìîäèôèêàòîð ïåðâîé áóêâû ïåðâîé ñòðîêè.
Ãèïåðòåêñòîâûå ññûëêè <a>:
- :link -- ññûëêà ïî óìîë÷àíèþ;
- :visited -- ïîñåù¸ííàÿ ññûëêà;
- :hover -- ïîä êóðñîðîì;
- :active -- àêòèâíàÿ.
JavaScript
JavaScript ýòî ÿçûê ñîçäàííûé ôèðìîé Netscape äëÿ ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèÿ ãèïåðòåêñòîâûõ ñòðàíèö ñ èñïîëíåíèåì ïðîãðàììû íà ñòîðîíå áðàóçåðà. Ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ âî âíåäðåíèè òåêñòîâ ïðîãðàìì íà ÿçûêå JavaScript â òåëî ãèïåðòåêñòîâûõ ñòðàíèö è ïîñëåäóþùåå èñïîëíåíèå ýòèõ ïðîãðàìì áðàóçåðîì. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ýòîãî ÿçûêà â ñîçäàíèè ñàéòîâ ïîçâîëÿåò ñäåëàòü èõ áîëåå èâûìè è äèíàìè÷íûìè. Ïîñðåäñòâîì ÿçûêà JavaScript ìîíî ïîëó÷èòü äîñòóï íå òîëüêî ê äîêóìåíòó íà êîòîðîì ïðîãðàììà ðàçìåùåíà, íî è ê ñâîéñòâàì ñàìîãî áðàóçåðà. ïîñëåäñòâèè ÿçûê áûë ñòàíäàðòèçèðîâàí ECMA (European Computer Manufacturers Association).
ßçûê îáâÿçûâàåò îáúåêòíóþ ìîäåëü áðàóçåðà è äîêóìåíòîâ îïåðèðóÿ ñâîéñòâàìè, ìåòîäàìè è ñîáûòèÿì îáúåêòîâ. Ñâîéñòâàìè îáúåêòà ÿâëÿþòñÿ àòðèáóòû òåãîâ ñòðàíèöû, à òàêå àòðèáóòû îáúåêòîâ áðàóçåðà. Ìåòîäàìè îáúåêòîâ âûñòóïàþò ôóíêöèè èçìåíåíèÿ ñâîéñòâ îáúåêòîâ äîêóìåíòà è áðàóçåðà. Ñîáûòèÿ îáúåêòîâ ïðåäñòàâëåíû ôóíêöèÿìè, êîòîðûå àêòèâèðóþòñÿ ïðè âûïîëíåíèè òîãî èëè èíîãî äåéñòâèÿ íàä îáúåêòîì. ñå òåãè ãèïåðòåêñòîâîé ñòðàíèöû ðàñøèðåíû àòðèáóòàìè ïðåäñòàâëÿþùèìè ñîáûòèéíûå ôóíêöèè. Äëÿ îáðàáîòêè ñîáûòèé êîä ïðîãðàììû ïîìåùàåòñÿ â çíà÷åíèå ýòèõ àòðèáóòîâ.
öåëîì, êîä ñöåíàðèåâ ìîåò ðàçìåùàòüñÿ íà ñòðàíèöå ñëåäóþùèìè ñïîñîáàìè:
- ãèïåðòåêñòîâîé ññûëêè (URL-ñõåìà). ûïîëíÿåòñÿ îáðàáîòêà ïðîãðàììû âìåñòî ññûëêè. Èñïîëüçóåòñÿ â àòðèáóòàõ ñîäåðàùèõ URL. Íàïðèìåð:
- îáðàáîò÷èêå ñîáûòèé. Èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ ðàçìåùåíèÿ ñöåíàðèåâ îáðàáîòêè ñîáûòèé. Íàïðèìåð:
- Ïîäñòàíîâêà. ûïîëíÿåòñÿ ïîäñòàíîâêà â àòðèáóòû êîíòåéíåðîâ äîêóìåíòà ðåçóëüòàòà èñïîëíåíèÿ ñêðèïòà. Íàïðèìåð:
- ñòàâêà ÷åðåç êîíòåéíåð SCRIPT. Ïîñðåäñòâîì êîíòåéíåðà SCRIPT ïðîèçâîäèòñÿ êàê çàãðóçêà ôàéëîâ ñî ñöåíàðèÿìè òàê è íåïîñðåäñòâåííîå îïðåäåëåíèå òåêñòà ñöåíàðèåâ. ûïîëíåíèå ñöåíàðèåâ ïðîèçâîäèòñÿ ñðàçó, ïðè îáíàðóåíèè ýòîãî êîíòåéíåðà â ïðîöåññå îáðàáîòêè äîêóìåíòà. Äàííûé ñïîñîá ìîíî èñïîëüçîâàòü äëÿ ðàçìåùåíèÿ êîäà âíóòðè äîêóìåíòà è óñëîâíîé ãåíåðàöèè äîêóìåíòà íà ñòîðîíå áðàóçåðà. Åñëè óêàçàí èñõîäíûé ôàéë â àòðèáóòå <src> è îí ïðèñóòñòâóåò, òî òåëî êîíòåéíåðà SCRIPT íå îáðàáàòûâàåòñÿ. Ïðèìåð:
Òèïû äàííûõ
ßçûêîì JavaScript ïîääåðèâàåòñÿ íåñêîëüêî ïðîñòûõ òèïîâ:
- ×èñëî: ëþáîå öåëîå èëè âåùåñòâåííîå ÷èñëî (23, 05, 0x1A, 3.14159, -3.1E1 ).
- Ëîãè÷åñêèé: ëîãè÷åñêèé ïðèçíàê (true èëè false).
- Ñòðîêà: ñòðîêè è òåêñòû ("Ñòðîêà"). ñòðîêå ìîíî èñïîëüçîâàòü ñïåöèàëüíûå ñèìâîëû:
\b -- çàáîé;
\f -- ïåðåâîä ñòðàíèöû;
\n -- íîâàÿ ñòðîêà;
\r -- âîçâðàò êàðåòêè;
\t -- òàáóëÿöèÿ;
\\ -- äâîéíîé îáðàòíûé ñëåø.
- Íóëü: ñïåöèàëüíîå êëþ÷åâîå ñëîâî äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ïóñòîãî çíà÷åíèÿ (null).
Ïåðåìåííûå â JavaScript îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ ïóò¸ì ïðÿìîãî ïðèñâàèâàíèÿ â íîâóþ ïåðåìåííóþ (x=3) èëè ïîñðåäñòâîì var (var x=3). Òèï ïåðåìåííîé ìåíÿåòñÿ ïðè ïðèñâàèâàíèè çíà÷åíèÿ äðóãîãî òèïà. Ïðè ñìåøàííûõ îïåðàöèÿõ ñóììèðîâàíèÿ ðåçóëüòàòîì ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñòðîêà.
Îïåðàöèè
| Ñèìâîë | Îïèñàíèå |
| () | ûçîâ ôóíêöèè |
| [] | ûäåëåíèå ýëåìåíòà ìàññèâà |
| . | ûäåëåíèå ýëåìåíòà ñòðóêòóðû èëè îáúåäèíåíèÿ |
| ++ | Ïîñò-ïðèðàùåíèå |
| -- | Ïîñò-äåêðåìåíò |
| + | Óíàðíûé ïëþñ |
| - | Óíàðíûé ìèíóñ |
| ! | Ëîãè÷åñêîå îòðèöàíèå |
| ~ | Ïîáèòîâîå îòðèöàíèå |
| * | Óìíîåíèå |
| / | Äåëåíèå |
| % | Îñòàòîê îò äåëåíèÿ |
| + | Ñóììà |
| - | Ðàçíîñòü |
| << | Ñäâèã âëåâî |
| >> | Ñäâèã âïðàâî |
| >>> | Ñäâèã âïðàâî, ñ çàïîëíåíèåì íóëÿìè |
| < | Ìåíüøå |
| <= | Ìåíüøå è ðàâíî |
| > | Áîëüøå |
| >= | Áîëüøå è ðàâíî |
| == | Ðàâíî |
| != | Íåðàâíî |
| & | Ïîðàçðÿäíûé "È" |
| ^ | Ïîðàçðÿäíûé "èñêëþ÷àþùèé ÈËÈ" |
| | | Ïîðàçðÿäíûé "ÈËÈ" |
| && | Ëîãè÷åñêèé "È" |
| || | Ëîãè÷åñêèé "ÈËÈ" |
| ?: | Óñëîâíàÿ îïåðàöèÿ(var i=(val>=0)?val:-val;) |
| = | Ïðèñâàèâàíèå |
| +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, |=, &=, <=, >= | Ñîñòàâíîå ïðèñâàèâàíèå |
Îïåðàòîðû
Óïðàâëÿþùèå îïåðàòîðû:
- if...else -- Óñëîâíûå îïåðàòîðû.
Äåéñòâèå: Åñëè óñëîâèå <condition> èñòèííî, âûïîëíÿåòñÿ âûðàåíèå <statements1>, èíà÷å <statements2>. Óñëîâèå ìîåò áûòü ëþáûì JavaScript-âûðàåíèåì, êîòîðîå ìîíî îöåíèòü êàê èñòèííîå èëè ëîíîå. ûðàåíèÿ, êîòîðûå íóíî âûïîëíèòü, ìîãóò áûòü ëþáûìè JavaScript-îïåðàòîðàìè, âêëþ÷àÿ óñëîâíûå. Áîëåå ÷åì îäèí îïåðàòîð äîëåí áûòü çàêëþ÷åí â ôèãóðíûå ñêîáêè, { }.
- for, for...in, while, break è continue -- Îïåðàòîðû öèêëîâ. òåëå öèêëà ìîãóò èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ îïåðàòîðû <break> è <continue>. Ïåðâûé äëÿ ïðåðûâàíèÿ öèêëà, à âòîðîé äëÿ ïåðåõîäà ê ñëåäóþùåé èòåðàöèè öèêëà.
Äåéñòâèå: ûïîëíåíèå âûðàåíèÿ <statement> ïîêà óñëîâèå <condition> èñòèííî. Ïåðåä çàïóñêîì öèêëà âûïîëíÿåòñÿ âûðàåíèå <initstatement>. Ïîñëå êàäîé èòåðàöèè öèêëà âûïîëíÿåòñÿ âûðàåíèå <poststatement>.
Çàïèñü: while(<condition>) <statement>;
Äåéñòâèå: ûïîëíåíèå âûðàåíèÿ <statement> ïîêà óñëîâèå <condition> èñòèííî.
Çàïèñü: for( <attr> in <obj> ) <statement>;
Äåéñòâèå: ûïîëíåíèå âûðàåíèÿ <statement> äëÿ âñåõ àòðèáóòîâ <attr> îáúåêòà <obj>.
- new, this è with -- Îïåðàòîðû ìàíèïóëÿöèè ñ îáúåêòàìè.
- // <coment> è /* <coment> */ -- Êîììåíòàðèè. Ïåðâûé ýòî îäíî-ñòðî÷íûé êîììåíòàðèé, à âòîðîé ìíîãî-ñòðî÷íûé.
Ñïåöèàëüíûå îïåðàòîðû:
- new {Type} -- Ñîçäàíèå ýêçåìïëÿðà îáúåêòà ïîëüçîâàòåëüñêîãî èëè âñòðîåííîãî òèïà (name = new typ( param1 [,param2] ...[,paramN] )).
- typeof {Operand} -- Îïðåäåëåíèå òèïà îïåðàíäà. îçâðàùàåò òèï îïåðàíäà â âèäå ñòðîêè (typeof val).
- void (expression) -- Îïðåäåëÿåò âûðàåíèå, êîòîðîå íå âîçâðàùàåò íèêàêîãî çíà÷åíèÿ ( void (0) ).
Ôóíêöèè
Ôóíêöèè - îäèí èç ôóíäàìåíòàëüíûõ áëîêîâ JavaScript. Ôóíêöèÿ - JavaScript-ïðîöåäóðà - íàáîð îïåðàòîðîâ, êîòîðûé èñïîëíÿåò îïðåäåëåííóþ çàäà÷ó. Îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ è èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ôóíêöèÿ ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì:
ßçûêîì ïðåäóñìîòðåíà ïîääåðêà ïåðåìåííîãî ÷èñëà ïàðàìåòðîâ ôóíêöèé. Äëÿ äîñòóïà ê ïðîèçâîëüíîìó ïàðàìåòðó ïðåäóñìîòðåí çàïðîñ: <functionName>.arguments[i]. Äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ ÷èñëà äîñòóïíûõ àòðèáóòîâ èñïîëüçóåòñÿ çàïðîñ: <functionName>.arguments.length. Ïðèìåð ôóíêöèè ñ ïåðåìåííûì ÷èñëîì ïàðàìåòðîâ è å¸ âûçîâ ïðèâåä¸í íèå:
Ñîáûòèÿ è èõ îáðàáîòêà
Óïðàâëåíèå ýëåìåíòàìè äîêóìåíòà ïîëüçîâàòåëåì ïåðåäàþòñÿ â ïðîãðàììó ïîñðåäñòâîì ñîáûòèé. Ñòàíäàðòàìè óïðàâëåíèÿ áðàóçåðîì ïðåäóñìîòðåíà ãðóïïà ñîáûòèé äëÿ ðàçëè÷íûõ ýëåìåíòîâ, êîòîðûå ïåðå÷èñëåíû â òàáëèöå íèå.
| Ñîáûòèå/îáðàáîò÷èê | Îáëàñòü èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ | Ïðè÷èíà âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ | Ìåòîä èìèòàöèè |
| onAbort | images | Ïîëüçîâàòåëü ïðåðûâàåò çàãðóçêó èçîáðàåíèÿ. | |
| onBlur | windows, frames è âñå ôîðìû ýëåìåíòîâ | Ïîëüçîâàòåëü óáèðàåò ôîêóñ ââîäà. | blur() |
| onChange | òåêñòîâûå ïîëÿ, òåêñòîâûå îáëàñòè | Ïîëüçîâàòåëü ìåíÿåò çíà÷åíèå ýëåìåíòà. | change() |
| onClick | button, radio button, checkboxes, submit button, reset button, links | Ïîëüçîâàòåëü âûáèðàåò ôîðìó èëè ññûëêó. | click() |
| onDblClick | button, radio button, checkboxes, submit button, reset button, links | Äâîéíîé ùåë÷îê | |
| onError | images, windows | Îøèáêà çàãðóçêè äîêóìåíòà èëè èçîáðàåíèÿ. | |
| onFocus | windows, frames, è âñå ôîðìû ýëåìåíòîâ. | Ïîëüçîâàòåëü ïåðåäàåò ôîêóñ ââîäà. | focus() |
| onKeyDown | button, radio button, checkboxes, submit button, reset button, links | Íààòà êëàâèøà íà êëàâèàòóðå | |
| onKeyPress | button, radio button, checkboxes, submit button, reset button, links | Íààòà è îòïóùåíà êëàâèøà íà êëàâèàòóðå | |
| onKeyUp | button, radio button, checkboxes, submit button, reset button, links | Îòïóùåíà êëàâèøà íà êëàâèàòóðå | |
| onLoad | òåëî äîêóìåíòà | Ïîëüçîâàòåëü çàãðóàåò ñòðàíèöó â áðàóçåð. | |
| onMouseDown | button, radio button, checkboxes, submit button, reset button, links | Íààòà êíîïêà ìûøè â ïðåäåëàõ òåêóùåãî ýëåìåíòà. | |
| onMouseMove | button, radio button, checkboxes, submit button, reset button, links | Ïåðåìåùåíèå êóðñîðà ìûøè â ïðåäåëàõ òåêóùåãî ýëåìåíòà. | |
| onMouseOut | button, radio button, checkboxes, submit button, reset button, links | Ïîëüçîâàòåëü ïåðåìåùàåò óêàçàòåëü ìûøè ïî îáëàñòè. | |
| onMouseOver | button, radio button, checkboxes, submit button, reset button, links | Êóðñîð ìûøè íàâåäåí íà òåêóùèé ýëåìåíò. | |
| onMouseUp | button, radio button, checkboxes, submit button, reset button, links | Îòïóùåíà êíîïêà ìûøè â ïðåäåëàõ òåêóùåãî ýëåìåíòà . | |
| onMove | window | Ïåðåìåùåíèå îêíà. | |
| onReset | form | Ñáðîñ äàííûõ ôîðìû ( ùåë÷îê ïî êíîïêå <input type="reset"> ). | reset() |
| onResize | window | Èçìåíåíèå ðàçìåðîâ îêíà. | |
| onSelect | input, textarea | ûäåëåíèå òåêñòà â òåêóùåì ýëåìåíòå. | |
| onSubmit | form | Îòïðàâêà äàííûõ ôîðìû ( ùåë÷îê ïî êíîïêå <input type="submit"> ). | submit() |
| onUnload | body, frameset | Ïîïûòêà çàêðûòèÿ îêíà áðàóçåðà è âûãðóçêè äîêóìåíòà |
Îáúåêòû
JavaScript îáúåêòû ïðåäñòàâëåíû îáúåêòíîé ìîäåëüþ áðàóçåðà è âñòðîåííûìè íå âèçóàëüíûìè îáúåêòàìè. Êðîìå òîãî, ïîëüçîâàòåëåì ìîãóò ñîçäàâàòüñÿ ñîáñòâåííûå îáúåêòû. Îáúåêò ìîåò ñîäåðàòü ñâîéñòâà è ôóíêöèè.
Ê ñâîéñòâàì îáúåêòà ìîíî ïîëó÷èòü äîñòóï äâóìÿ ñïîñîáàìè. Ïåðâûé ñïîñîá ýòî èåðàðõè÷åñêîå îáðàùåíèå (<object>.<attr>). òîðîé ñïîñîá ýòî äîñòóï ê îáúåêòó êàê ê ìàññèâó (<object>[<attr>]). Ïðè äîñòóïå ê ýëåìåíòó îáúåêòà êàê ê ìàññèâó ìîíî îáðàùàòüñÿ êàê ïî èìåíè, òàê è ïî èíäåêñó.
Äëÿ àäðåñàöèè ê òåêóùåìó îáúåêòó èñïîëüçóåòñÿ êëþ÷åâîå ñëîâî <this>. Íàïðèìåð ïðè ïðÿìîì îïèñàíèè îáðàáîò÷èêîâ ñîáûòèé ïî òåêóùåìó îáúåêòó:
Äëÿ îáðàùåíèÿ ê ýëåìåíòàì ðîäèòåëüñêîãî îáúåêòà ìîíî èñïîëüçîâàòü àòðèáóò "parent" (parent.color).
Îïðåäåëåíèå íîâîãî îáúåêòà ïðîèçâîäèòñÿ ïîñðåäñòâîì êëþ÷åâîãî ñëîâà <function>, à ñîçäàíèå ýêçåìïëÿðà îáúåêòà ïîñðåäñòâîì <new>. Ê ýêçåìïëÿðó îáúåêòà ìîíî ñâîáîäíî äîáàâëÿòü íîâûå ñâîéñòâà, ïóò¸ì ïðîñòîãî ïðèñâàèâàíèÿ. Íàïðèìåð:
ñòðîåííûå òèïû îáúåêòîâ
- Array -- Îáúåêò ìàññèâà. Ìàññèâ - óïîðÿäî÷åííûé íàáîð çíà÷åíèé, ê êîòîðûì ìîíî îáðàòèòüñÿ ïî èíäåêñó. Ýêçåìïëÿð ìàññèâà ìîíî ñîçäàòü äâóìÿ ñïîñîáàìè, ïóò¸ì óêàçàíèÿ êîëè÷åñòâà ýëåìåíòîâ â ìàññèâå è ïðÿìîãî óêàçàíèÿ ýëåìåíòîâ:
Ñâîéñòâà:- length -- ðàçìåð ìàññèâà;
Ìåòîäû:
- join() -- ñâÿçûâàíèå âñåõ ýëåìåíòîâ ìàññèâà â ñòðîêó, ÷åðåç çíàê çàïÿòîé;
- reverse() -- ðåâåðñ ïîðÿäêà ýëåìåíòîâ â ìàññèâå;
- sort() -- ñîðòèðîâêà ýëåìåíòîâ ìàññèâà â ëåêñèêîãðàôè÷åñêîì ïîðÿäêå;
- concat() -- äîáàâëåíèå ê ìàññèâó çíà÷åíèé;
- splice(<beg>,<end>) -- ïîëó÷åíèå ÷àñòè ìàññèâà íà÷èíàÿ ñ <beg> è çàêàí÷èâàÿ <end>;
- push(), pop() -- ðàáîòà ñ ìàññèâîì êàê ñî ñòåêîì;
- Boolean -- Äàííûé îáúåêò èñïîëüçóåòñÿ êîãäà íåîáõîäèìî ïðåîáðàçîâàòü íå-boolean çíà÷åíèå â boolean.
Ìåòîäû:- valueOf() -- Çíà÷åíèå îáúåêòà.
- Date -- Äàòà. Õðàíèò çíà÷åíèå äàòû â ìèëëèñåêóíäàõ ñ 1 ÿíâàðÿ 1970ã, 00:00:00.
Ìåòîäû:- <mtm> getTime() -- ïîëó÷åíèå âðåìåíè â ìèëëèñåêóíäàõ ñ 01.01.1970;
- setTime(<mtm>) -- óñòàíîâêà âðåìåíè â ìèëëèñåêóíäàõ ñ 01.01.1970;
- <dt_part> get[Year]|[Month]|[Day]|[Days]|[Hours]|[Minutes]|[Seconds]() -- ïîëó÷åíèÿ ãîäà, ìåñÿöà, äíÿ íåäåëè, äíÿ ìåñÿöà, ÷àñîâ, ìèíóò è ñåêóíä ñîîòâåòñòâåííî;
- set[Year]|[Month]|[Days]|[Hours]|[Minutes]|[Seconds](<dt_part>) -- óñòàíîâêà ãîäà, ìåñÿöà, äíÿ ìåñÿöà, ÷àñîâ, ìèíóò è ñåêóíä ñîîòâåòñòâåííî;
- <mtm> parse(dtStr) static -- ïîëó÷åíèå äàòû ïóò¸ì ðàçáîðà ñòðîêè âèäà "November 3, 2007 13:54:00";
- Function -- Îáúåêò ôóíêöèè. Èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ çàêðåïëåíèÿ çà ïåðåìåííîé èëè ñâîéñòâîì ôóíêöèè êàêîé ëèáî ïðîöåäóðû. Ôîðìàò îïðåäåëåíèÿ ýêçåìïëÿðà îáúåêòà ôóíêöèè: functionObjectName = new Function ([<arg1>, <arg2>, ... <argn>,] functionBody). Ïðèìåð èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ:
- Math -- ñòðîåííûé îáúåêò äîñòóïà ê ìàòåìàòè÷åñêèì ôóíêöèÿì è êîíñòàíòàì. ñå åãî ñâîéñòâà è ìåòîäû ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñòàòè÷åñêèìè, à çíà÷èò äîñòóïíû áåç ñîçäàíèÿ ýêçåìïëÿðà îáúåêòà è ïîñðåäñòâîì èìåíè îáúåêòà (Math.PI).
Ñâîéñòâà:
- PI -- êîíñòàíòà pi (3.14159276);
Ìåòîäû:
- abs() -- àáñîëþòíîå çíà÷åíèå;
- sin() -- ñèíóñ;
- cos() -- êîñèíóñ;
- tan() -- òàíãåíñ;
- acos() -- àðêêîñèíóñ;
- asin() -- àðêñèíóñ;
- atan() -- àðêòàíãåíñ;
- exp() -- ýêñïîíåíòà;
- log() -- íàòóðàëüíûé ëîãàðèôì;
- ceil() -- âîçâðàùàåò íàèìåíüøåå öåëîå, áîëüøåå èëè ðàâíîå àðãóìåíòó;
- floor() -- âîçâðàùàåò íàèáîëüøåå öåëîå, ìåíüøåå èëè ðàâíîå àðãóìåíòó;
- min(), max() -- âîçâðàùàåò ìåíüøåå èëè áîëüøåå (ñîîòâåòñòâåííî) èç äâóõ àðãóìåíòîâ;
- pow() -- âîçâåäåíèå â ñòåïåíü, ïåðâûé àðãóìåíò îñíîâàíèå, âòîðîé ïîêàçàòåëü ñòåïåíè;
- round() -- îêðóãëÿåò àðãóìåíò äî áëèàéøåãî öåëîãî;
- sqrt() -- êâàäðàòíûé êîðåíü.
- Number -- Ñîäåðèò ñòàòè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà öèôðîâûõ êîíñòàíò.
Ñâîéñòâà:
- MAX_VALUE -- íàèáîëüøåå çíà÷åíèå;
- MIN_VALUE -- íàèìåíüøåå çíà÷åíèå;
- NaN -- íåîïðåäåëåííîñòü;
- NEGATIVE_INFINITY -- îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ áåñêîíå÷íîñòü;
- POSITIVE_INFINITY -- ïîëîèòåëüíàÿ áåñêîíå÷íîñòü.
Ìåòîäû:
- toFixed(<num>) -- Îêðóãëåíèå ÷èñëà äî óêàçàííîãî çíàêà ïîñëå çàïÿòîé.
- toString(<base>) -- Ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå â ñòðîêó ñ óêàçàííîé áàçîé (2-36).
- String -- Îáúåêò äëÿ ðàáîòû ñî ñðîêàìè â ïðèëîåíèÿõ. Ôàêòè÷åñêè äàííûé îáúåêò ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñòðîêîâûå ëèòåðàëû è ïåðåìåííûå ñòðîêîâîãî òèïà, à çíà÷èò åãî ñâîéñòâà è ìåòîäû õàðàêòåðíû äëÿ íèõ.
Ñâîéñòâà:
- length -- äëèíà ñòðîêè;
Ìåòîäû:
- <str> anchor() -- ñîçäàåò HTML-ÿêîðü;
- <str> big() | blink() | bold() | fixed() | italics() | small() | strike() | sub() | sup() -- ñîçäàåò ñòðîêó HTML, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåãî âèäà;
- <el> charAt(<simb>) -- âîçâðàùàåò ñèìâîë ïî åãî íîìåðó â ñòðîêå;
- <pos> indexOf(<substr>) | lastIndexOf(substr) -- âîçâðàùàþò ïåðâóþ (ïîñëåäíþþ) ïîçèöèþ ñïåöèôèöèðîâàííîé ïîäñòðîêè;
- <str> link(<addr>) -- ñîçäàåò ãèïåðòåêñòîâóþ ññûëêó äëÿ àäðåñà <addr>;
- <array> split(<sep>) -- ðàçáèâàåò îáúåêò String íà ìàññèâ ïîäñòðîê ïî ðàçäåëèòåëþ <sep>;
- <str> substring(<pos>,<len>) -- èçâëåêàåò ïîäñòðîêó èç ñòðîêè íà÷èíàÿ ñ ïîçèöèè <pos> è äëèíîé <len>;
- <str> toLowerCase() | toUpperCase() -- âîçâðàùàåò ñòðîêó â íèíåì èëè âåðõíåì ðåãèñòðå, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî.
Ãëîáàëüíûå ñâîéñòâà è ìåòîäû
- self, window -- ññûëêà íà îáúåêò òåêóùåãî îêíà/ôðåéìà;
- top -- ññûëêà íà îáúåêò ñàìîãî âåðõíåãî îêíà;
- parent -- ññûëêà íà ðîäèòåëüñêèé îáúåêò;
- {winName} -- ãëîáàëüíîå èìÿ îêíà, èñïîëüçóåìîå äëÿ ïðÿìîé àäðåñàöèè ê íåìó;
- <bool> isNaN(<val>) -- îöåíêà àðãóìåíòà íà íåîïðåäåëåííîñòü;
- <str> toString(<obj>) -- ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå îáúåêòà â ñòðîêó;
- <tid> setTimeout(<call_func>,<tm>) -- óñòàíîâêà èíòåðâàëà <tm>, â ìèëëèñåêóíäàõ, ïî èñòå÷åíèþ êîòîðîãî âûçâàòü ôóíêöèþ <call_func>;
- clearTimeout(<tid>) -- îñòàíîâ ðàíåå ñîçäàííîãî èíòåðâàëüíîãî âûçîâà ñ èäåíòèôèêàòîðîì <tid>;
- <numb> parseInt(<str>[,<radix>]) -- ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå ñòðîêè <str> ê öåëîìó ñ îñíîâàíèåì <radix>;
- <numb> parseFloat(<str>) -- ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå ñòðîêè ê âåùåñòâåííîìó;
- <rez> eval(<str>) -- âû÷èñëåíèå âûðàåíèÿ â str è âîçâðàò ðåçóëüòàòà â <rez>.
Èåðàðõèÿ îáúåêòîâ áðàóçåðà
window -- êîðíåâîé îáúåêò îêíà;
- status -- ñîäåðèìîå è äîñòóï ê ñòðîêå ñòàòóñà;
- alert(<string>) -- ñôîðìèðîâàòü äèàëîãîâîå îêíî ñ ïðåäóïðåäåíèåì;
- confirm(<string>) -- ñôîðìèðîâàòü äèàëîãîâîå îêíî ïîäòâåðäåíèÿ ñ êíîïêàìè: "Ok" è "Cancel";
- prompt(<string>) -- ñôîðìèðîâàòü äèàëîãîâîå îêíî ñ ïîëåì ââîäà çíà÷åíèÿ;
- <wid> open(<url>,<title>,<add_params>) -- îòêðûòèå íîâîãî îêíà äëÿ <url> ñ íàçâàíèåì <title> è ãðóïïîé äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ <add_params> (width=400,height=150). Äîïîëíèòåëüíûå ïàðàìåòðû: width, height, status=no, menu, toolbar=yes;
- close() -- çàêðûòèå îêíà;
- focus() -- óñòàíîâêà ôîêóñà íà äàííîå îêíî;
- blur() -- ñíÿòèå ôîêóñà ñ äàííîãî îêíà;
- scroll() -- ïðîêðóòêà îêíà ê óêàçàííîé ïîçèöèè;
window.location -- URL ñòðàíèöû äàííîãî îêíà, ìîåò áûòü èçìåíåí äëÿ ïåðåõîäà íà äðóãóþ ñòðàíèöó;
- href -- ïîëíûé òåêñò URL;
- protocol -- ïðîòîêîë URL;
- host -- àäðåñ ñåðâåðà;
- pathname -- àäðåñ ê ðåñóðñó;
- search -- àòðèáóòû çàïðîñà.
window.navigator -- îáúåêò áðàóçåðà;
window.navigator.plugms[] -- ïðîãðàììû áðàóçåðà;
window.navigator.mimeTypes[] -- ïîääåðèâàåìûå MIME-òèïû;
window.frames[] -- ôðåéìû îêíà è ñàìè îêíà;
- location -- URL ôðåéìà, ìîåò áûòü èçìåíåí äëÿ îòîáðàåíèÿ äðóãîé ñòðàíèöû;
window.history -- èñòîðèÿ âèçèòîâ;
window.document -- äîêóìåíò;
- bgColor, fgColor, linkColor, alinkColor, è vlinkColor -- ñâîéñòâà ãëîáàëüíûõ öâåòîâ äîêóìåíòà;
- lastModified -- äàòà ïîñëåäåíåé ìîäèôèêàöèè äîêóìåíòà;
- referrer -- ïðåäûäóùèé ïî÷åùàåìûé URL;
- URL -- URL äîêóìåíòà;
- open() -- îòêðûòèå äîêóìåíòà îêíà äëÿ çàïèñè â íåãî;
- close() -- çàêðûòèå äîêóìåíòà íà çàïèñü;
- write(<str_el1>[,<str_el2>[,<str_el3>,...,<str_eln>]]) -- çàïèñü ñòðîêè, ñîñòîÿùåé èç ýëåìåíòîâ <str_el{x}> â êîíåö äîêóìåíòà, èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ äèíàìè÷åñêîãî ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ äîêóìåíòà;
- writeln(<str_el1>[,<str_el2>[,<str_el3>,...,<str_eln>]]) -- âûïîëíÿåò òóå ôóíêöèþ, ÷òî è ôóíêöèÿ <write>, à òàêå äîáàâëÿåò ïåðåâîä ñòðîêè â êîíöå ñòðîêè;
window.document.forms[] -- ôîðìû äîêóìåíòà;
- document -- ññûëêà íà îáúåêò äîêóìåíòà-âëàäåëüöà.
window.document.forms[].elements[] -- ýëåìåíòû ôîðìû;
- form -- ññûëêà íà îáúåêò ôîðìû-âëàäåëüöà.
window.document.anchors[] -- ÿêîðÿ (ññûëêè) äîêóìåíòà;
window.document.links[] -- ññûëêè äîêóìåíòà;
- href -- àäðåñ ññûëêè;
window.document.images[] -- èçîáðàåíèÿ äîêóìåíòà;
window.document.applets[] -- àïëåòû äîêóìåíòà;
window.document.embeds[] -- ???
window.packages[] -- ïàêåòû.
window.event -- ãëîáàëüíûé îáúåêò ñîáûòèé Event
- type -- òèï ñîáûòèÿ (keydown, ;
- target -- óçåë - èñòî÷íèê ñîáûòèÿ;
- currentTarget -- óçåë - îáðàáîò÷èê ñîáûòèÿ;
- timeStamp -- âðåìÿ âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ ñîáûòèÿ (îáúåêò Date);
- button -- íîìåð êíîïêè ìûøè (0-ëåâàÿ,1-ñðåäíÿÿ,2-ïðàâàÿ);
- altKey, ctrlKey, metaKey, shiftKey -- ïðèçíàêè óäåðàíèÿ êëàâèøè ìîäèôèêàòîðà â ìîìåíò êëèêà ìûøüþ;
- clientX, clientY -- ïîëîåíèå êóðñîðà ìûøè îòíîñèòåëüíî êëèåíòñêîé îáëàñòè;
- pageX, pageY -- ïîëîåíèå êóðñîðà ìûøè îòíîñèòåëüíî ëåâîãî âåðõíåãî óãëà îêíà (NN);
- screenX, screenY -- ïîëîåíèå êóðñîðà ìûøè îòíîñèòåëüíî ýêðàíà;
- offsetX, offsetY -- ïîëîåíèå êóðñîðà ìûøè îòíîñèòåëüíî èñõîäíîãî ýëåìåíòà (IE);
- keyCode -- êîä íààòîé êëàâèøè (IE);
- which -- êíîïêà ìûøè èëè êîä íààòîé êëàâèøè (NN).
Ïðèëîåíèå
Ñòðóêòóðà URL (Unifical resource locator)
îáùåì âèäå Unifical resource locator(URL) çàïèñûâàåòñÿ ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì:
ãäå:
user -- èäåíòèôèêàòîð ïîëüçîâàòåëÿ;
password -- ïàðîëü;
domain.ru -- äîìåííîå èìÿ ñåðâåðà;
port -- íîìåð TCP-ïîðòà ñåðâåðà;
path -- ïóòü â êîðíåâîì êàòàëîãå ñåðâåðà ê ðåñóðñó;
some.html -- ðåñóðñ;
query_string -- ïàðàìåòð çàïðîñà.
CER (Character Entity Reference)
CER (Character Entity Reference) - ñîãëàøåíèå î êîäèðîâàíèè è ïðåäñòàâëåíèè ñïåöèàëüíûõ ñèìâîëîâ:
| ×èñëîâîé êîä | Èìåííàÿ çàìåíà | Ñèìâîë | Îïèñàíèå |
| " | " | " | Êàâû÷êà |
| & | & | & | ìïåðñàíò |
| < | < | < | Ìåíüøå |
| > | > | > | Áîëüøå |
|   | | Íåðàçðûâíûé ïðîáåë | |
| ¡ | ¡ | ¡ | Ïåðåâåðíóòûé âîñêëèöàòåëüíûé çíàê |
| ¢ | ¢ | ¢ | Öåíò |
| £ | £ | £ | Ôóíò |
| ¤ | ¤ | ¤ | àëþòà |
| ¥ | ¥ | ¥ | Éåíà |
| ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | Óìëÿóò |
| © | © | © | Êîïèðàéò |
| « | « | « | Ëåâàÿ óãëîâàÿ êàâû÷êà |
| ® | ® | ® | Çàðåãèñòðèðîâàííàÿ òîðãîâàÿ ìàðêà |
| ± | ± | ± | Ïëþñ èëè ìèíóñ |
| » | » | » | Ïðàâàÿ óãëîâàÿ êàâû÷êà |
Öâåòà è èõ êîäû
| Öâåò | Êîä |
| aqua | #00FFFF |
| navy | #000080 |
| black | #000000 |
| olive | #808000 |
| blue | #0000FF |
| purple | #800080 |
| fuchsia | #FF00FF |
| red | #FF0000 |
| gray | #808080 |
| silver | #C0C0C0 |
| green | #008000 |
| teal | #008080 |
| lime | #00FF00 |
| white | #FFFFFF |
| maroon | #800000 |
| yellow | #FFFF00 |
Åäèíèöû ðàçìåðîâ
Ðàçìåðû â äîêóìåíòå HTML/XHTML/XML ìîíî óêàçûâàòü íåñêîëüêèìè ñïîñîáàì.
| Åäèíèöà | Îïèñàíèå |
| 100px | Ïèêñåëû (100 ïèêñåëîâ) |
| 50pt | Òèïîãðàôè÷åñêèå ïóíêòû (50 ïóíêòîâ, 1pt = 0,35mm) |
| 10em | Óñëîâíûå åäèíèöû (10 óñëîâíûõ åäèíèö) |
| 100% | ïðîöåíòàõ îò îïîðíîé âåëè÷èíû |
Øðèôòû
Ñåìåéñòâà øðèôòîâ:
| Øðèôò | Îïèñàíèå |
| serif | Øðèôò ñ çàñå÷êàìè (Times) |
| sans-serif | Øðèôò áåç çàñå÷åê (Arial, Helvetica) |
| monospace | Ìîíî-øèðèííûé (Courier) |
Ëèòåðàòóðà
1. Á.Ï. Õðàìöîâ, Ñ..Áðèê, .Ì.Ðóñàê, .È.Ñóðèí; "Îñíîâû WEB-òåõíîëîãèé."; Èíòåðíåò-Óíèâåðñèòåò; Ìîñêâà; 2003
2. Ìîëëè Ý. Õîëüöøëàã; "Èñïîëüçîâàíèå HTML è XHTML. Ñïåöèàëüíûé ñïðàâî÷íèê."; èëüÿìñ; Ìîñêâà, Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã, Êèåâ: 2003