Àâòîð: /RomanSavochenko
Ïðèìå÷àíèå: Äîêóìåíò ñîçäà¸òñÿ àâòîðîì ñ 2003ã. Äî íàñòîÿùåãî ìîìåíòà äîêóìåíò ñîçäàâàëñÿ â ñðåäå LaTeX. Íà òåêóùèé ìîìåíò âûïîëíÿåòñÿ ïóáëèêàöèÿ äîêóìåíòà â ñðåäå Wiki ñ ïîñëåäóþùèì îôîðìëåíèåì â ñðåäå dockbook. LaTeX âåðñèþ äîêóìåíòà ìîæíî âçÿòü çäåñü è èñõîäíèê çäåñü. Äîêóìåíò îôîðìëÿåòñÿ â ñðåäå WIKI äëÿ ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ ê åãî ðàçâèòèþ çàíèìàþùèõñÿ èçó÷åíèåì Àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà è æåëàþùèõ îïóáëèêîâàòü ñâîé îïûò è ñâîè äîñòèæåíèÿ. Ðàçðåøàåòñÿ âíîñèòü èçìåíåíèÿ â äàííûé äîêóìåíò ñ öåëüþ èñïðàâëåíèÿ îáíàðóæåííûõ îøèáîê èëè ñ öåëüþ åãî äîïîëíåíèÿ.

1 Àðòèêëè

Àðòèêëü íèêîãäà íå èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíî, ýòî îäèí èç ïðèçíàêîâ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî. Åñëè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ñòîèò ñ îïèñàòåëüíûì ñëîâîì (ñëîâàìè), òî àðòèêëü âñ¸ ðàâíî îòíîñèòñÿ ê ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîìó, íî ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä îïèñàòåëüíûì ñëîâîì (ñëîâàìè).

Àðòèêëü íå ñòàâèòñÿ:

• Ìîæåò íå ñòàâèòüñÿ ïåðåä íåèñ÷èñëèìûìè — This ring is made of gold.
• Ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì ìåñòîèìåíèå — my bicycle.
• Ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì îòðèöàòåëüíîå ñëîâî "no" — no table.
• Ñî ñëîâàìè, îáîçíà÷àþùèìè êëàññ ïðåäìåòîâ — I like beer.
• C íàçâàíèÿìè íàöèîíàëüíîñòåé — I am English.
• C àáñòðàêòíûìè ïîíÿòèÿìè — love/life/time...
• C íàçâàíèÿìè âåùåñòâ — liquid/water...
• C èìåíàìè è ôàìèëèÿìè — I like Cindy.
• C íàçâàíèÿìè âðåì¸í ãîäà — in winter, in spring, in summer.
• C íàçâàíèÿìè ìåñÿöåâ — It is December now.
• C íàçâàíèÿìè äíåé íåäåëè — It was on Monday.
• C íàçâàíèÿìè ïðè¸ìîâ ïèùè — brekfast, lunch, dinner, supper.
• C íàçâàíèÿìè àýðîïîðòîâ — Heathrow Airport.
• C íàçâàíèÿìè ãîðîäîâ — London.
• C íàçâàíèÿìè ñòðàí, ñîñòîÿùèõ èç îäíîãî ñëîâà — Ukraine.
• ×àñòî â çàãîëîâêàõ ñòàòåé â æóðíàëàõ è ãàçåòàõ.
•  óñòîé÷èâûõ ñî÷åòàíèÿõ:
  • at work — íà ðàáîòå;
  • at night — ïîçäíèì âå÷åðîì;
  • to go/come/arrive home — èäòè/ïðèéòè/ïðèåõàòü äîìîé;
  • at home — äîìà;
  • to go to bed — ëîæèòüñÿ ñïàòü;
  • to be on holiday — áûòü â îòïóñêå;
  • to go on foot — èäòè/õîäèòü ïåøêîì;
  • to go to school — ó÷èòüñÿ â øêîëå.

1.1 Íåîïðåäåë¸ííûå (a,an)

Èìååò äâå ôîðìû: "a" è "an". Óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè â åäèíñòâåííîì ëèöå. Îáîçíà÷àåò îäèí ïðåäìåò, íåïîíÿòíûé èëè íåçíàêîìûé ñîáåñåäíèêó (ñìûñëîâîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå).

• a — ïåðåä ñîãëàñíûìè çâóêàìè;
• an — ïåðåä ãëàñíûìè çâóêàìè.

Ñòàíäàðòíûå âàðèàíòû èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ:

• C íàçâàíèÿìè ñïåöèàëüíîñòåé — I am a worker.
• Ïîñëå ñëîâà "half" — Half a bottle.
• Ïîñëå îáîðîòà <there + to be> — There was a lamp on the table.
• Ïîñëå ñëîâà "what" â âîñêëèöàíèÿõ — What a happy man!
• Ïîñëå ñëîâà "such" — I haven't seen such a woman.
• Ïåðåä èìåíàìè è ôàìèëèÿìè â çíà÷åíèè íåêèé/íåêòî — A Mr. Fox called you.
• Ñ íàçâàíèåì ìàðîê/ìîäåëåé ÷åãî-ëèáî — a Ford.
•  ñîñòàâå íåêîòîðûõ óñòîé÷èâûõ ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèé:
  • to be in a hurry — òîðîïèòüñÿ;
  • to be on a diet — áûòü íà äèåòå;
  • a lot of — ìíîãî;
  • a great deal of — ìíîãî è äð.

1.2 Îïðåäåë¸ííûé (the)

Èìååò îäíó ôîðìó "the". Èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ñ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè êàê â åäèíñòâåííîì, òàê è âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå. Îáîçíà÷àåò ïðåäìåò (ïðåäìåòû), î êîòîðîì (êîòîðûõ) ðå÷ü óæå øëà ðàíåå èëè òîëüêî ÷òî, ò.å. çíàêîìûé/ïîíÿòíûé ñîáåñåäíèêó, âûäåëÿÿ òàêèì îáðàçîì íàçûâàåìûé ïðåäìåò (ïðåäìåòû) èç ðÿäà äðóãèõ òàêèõ æå (ñìûñëîâîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå).

Ñòàíäàðòíûå âàðèàíòû èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ:

• Ïåðåä íàçâàíèÿìè ãîñòèíèö — the Regent Hotel.
• Ïåðåä ïîðÿäêîâûìè ÷èñëèòåëüíûìè — the first.
• Ïåðåä ïðèëàãàòåëüíûìè â ïðåâîñõîäíîé ñòåïåíè — the best.
• Ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè, îáîçíà÷àþùèìè åäèíñòâåííûå â ñâî¸ì ðîäå ïðåäìåòû — the sun, the moon.
• Ïåðåä íàçâàíèÿìè ãàçåò — The New York Times.
• Ïåðåä íàçâàíèÿìè êîðàáëåé — The Titanic.
• Ïåðåä íàçâàíèÿìè îêåàíîâ, ìîðåé, ðåê — The Pacific Ocean, The Black Sea.
• Ïåðåä íàçâàíèÿìè ñòðàí, ñîñòîÿùèõ èç íåñêîëüêèõ ñëîâ — The United States of America.
• Ïåðåä íàçâàíèÿìè ÿçûêîâ, åñëè èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ñëîâî "language" — The English language.
• Ïåðåä ôàìèëèÿìè âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå (ñåìüÿ) — The Browns.
•  íàçâàíèÿõ ÷àñòåé ñóòîê — in the morning.
•  ñî÷åòàíèè ñ äâóìÿ ïðèëàãàòåëüíûìè â ñðàâíèòåëüíîé ñòåïåíè <the ... the> — The more you learn something the better you know it.
•  íåêîòîðûõ âûðàæåíèÿõ îáîçíà÷àþùèõ ïðîñòðàíñòâî:
  • in the street — íà óëèöå;
  • in the cinema — â êèíî(Êóäà?);
  • at the cinema — â êèíî(Ãäå?);
  • at the institute — â èíñòèòóòå;
  • on the job — íà ðàáîòå.
• Ïåðåä íàçâàíèåì ñòîðîí ñâåòà — the West, the East, the North.

2 Ìåñòîèìåíèÿ

2.1 Ëè÷íûå, ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ

Ïðèìåðû:

• She is pretty! — Îíà ïðåêðàñíà!
• He like her eyes. — Åìó íðàâÿòñÿ å¸ ãëàçà.
• My home is very big. — Ìîé äîì î÷åíü áîëüøîé.
• She is mine. — Îíà ìîÿ.

2.2 Óêàçàòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ (ìîæåò âûïîëíÿòü ðîëü ïîäëåæàùåãî)

• this (these) — ýòà (ýòè)
• that (those) — òà (òå)
• The same (book) — òà æå ñàìàÿ (êíèãà)
• such (book) — òàêàÿ (êíèãà)

2.3 Ìåñòîèìåíèÿ, âûïîëíÿþùèå ðîëü ïîäëåæàùåãî

• myself — (ÿ) ñåáÿ, ñàì(-à)
• himself — (îí) ñåáÿ, ñàì
• itself — (îíî) ñåáÿ, ñàìî
• yourselves — (âû) ñåáÿ, ñàìè
• yourself — (òû, âû) ñåáÿ, ñàì(-è)
• herself — (îíà) ñåáÿ, ñàìà
• ourselves — (ìû) ñåáÿ, ñàìè
• themselves — (îíè) ñåáÿ, ñàìè

2.4 Âîïðîñèòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ

• where — ãäå, êóäà
• who (whom) — êòî(êîãî)
• whose — ÷åé
• what — ÷òî, êòî, êàêîé
• which — êîòîðûé, êàêîé, êòî, ÷òî

2.5 Íåîïðåäåëåííûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ

• all — âñå, âåñü, âñå
• both — îáà
• each — êàæäûé
• either — ëþáîé (èç äâóõ)
• every — âñÿêèé, êàæäûé
• many, few — ìíîãî,ìàëî (èñ÷èñë.)
• much, litle — ìíîãî,ìàëî (íåèñ÷èñë.)
• neither — íè òîò, íè äðóãîé, íèêòî, íè÷òî
• no — íèêàêîé, íè îäèí, íåò
• none — íèêòî, íè÷òî
• one — íåêòî, íåêèé
• another — äðóãîé
• other — äðóãîé
• though — õîòÿ
• some — íåêîòîðûé,êàêîé-òî íåñêîëüêî
• any — êàêîé-íèáóäü, ëþáîé, ñêîëüêî-íèáóäü
• anything — ÷òî-íèáóäü, ÷òî óãîäíî, íè÷òî
• something — ÷òî-òî, ÷òî-íèáóäü
• somebody, someone — êòî-òî, êòî-íèáóäü
• anybody, anyone — êòî-íèáóäü, âñÿêèé, ëþáîé, íèêòî
• somewhere — ãäå-òî, ãäå-íèáóäü, êóäà-òî, êóäà-íèáóäü
• anywhere — ãäå-íèáóäü, âñþäó, âåçäå, íèãäå, íèêóäà

3 Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå

3.1 Ìíîæåñòâåííîñòü

Îáû÷íî ìíîæåñòâåííîñòü ôîðìèðóåòñÿ äîáàâëåíèåì ñóôôèêñà "-s". Ïðè äîáàâëåíèè ñóôôèêñà ñàìî ñëîâî ìîæåò ïîäâåðãàòüñÿ èçìåíåíèþ:

• íå èçìåíÿåòñÿ: a map -> maps;
• èçìåíÿåòñÿ: a pan -> pens;
• îêàí÷èâàåòñÿ íà "o": a Negro -> Negroes;
• îêàí÷èâàåòñÿ íà "s": a dress -> dresses;
• îêàí÷èâàåòñÿ íà "ch": a match -> matches;
• îêàí÷èâàåòñÿ íà "sh": a dish -> dishes;
• îêàí÷èâàåòñÿ íà "y": a baby -> babies.

Ñóùåñòâóåò íåñêîëüêî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ, ôîðìèðóþùèõ ìíîæåñòâåííóþ ôîðìó íåñòàíäàðòíûì îáðàçîì:

Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, êîòîðûå â Àíãëèéñêîì îáû÷íî íåèñ÷èñëèìû, à çíà÷èò íå ìîãóò áûòü ìíîæåñòâåííûìè: advice, bread, information, permission, traffic, weather, baggage, luggage, progress, travel, work, behavior, furniture, news, scenery, trouble.

3.2 Ôîðìèðîâàíèå ïðîèçâîäíûõ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ

• îò ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ: -(i)ty, -ness, -ce
  • active (àêòèâíûé) — activity (äåÿòåëüíîñòü)
  • proper (ñâîéñòâåííûé) — property (ñâîéñòâî)
  • happy (ñ÷àñòëèâûé) — happiness (ñ÷àñòüå)
  • bright (ÿðêèé) — brightness (ÿðêîñòü)
• îò ãëàãîëîâ: -er(or), -ion(-sion), -tion, -ance(-ence), -ity(-ty,-y), -ure, -ture, -ment
  • work (ðàáîòàòü) — worker (ðàáî÷èé)
  • create (ñîçäàâàòü) — creator (ñîçäàòåëü)
  • depend (çàâèñåòü) — dependence (çàâèñèìîñòü)
  • improve (óëó÷øàòü) — improvement (óëó÷øåíèå)
• äðóãèå: -hood, -dom, -ship
  • child (ðåá¸íîê) — childhood (äåòñòâî)
  • free (ñâîáîäíûé) — freedom (ñâîáîäà)
  • friend (äðóã) — friendship (äðóæáà)

4 Íàðå÷èÿ

4.1 Ïî ôîðìå

4.1.1 Ïðîñòûå

• soon — ñêîðî;
• yet — åù¸.

4.1.2 Ïðîèçâîäíûå (-ly)

• daily — åæåäíåâíî;
• weekly — åæåíåäåëüíî.

4.1.3 Ñëîæíûå

• sometimes — èíîãäà;
• anyway — êàê-íèáóäü;
• however — îäíàêî.

4.1.4 Ñîñòàâíûå

• at last — íàêîíåö;
• at least — ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå;
• at first — ñíà÷àëà;
• in vain — íàïðàñíî.

4.2 Ïî íàçíà÷åíèþ

4.2.1 Ìåñòà

• inside — âíóòðè;
• outside — ñíàðóæè;
• here — çäåñü;
• there — òàì;
• nowhere — íèãäå;
• everywhere — âåçäå.

4.2.2 Îáðàçà äåéñòâèÿ

• loudly — ãðîìêî;
• quickly — áûñòðî;
• slowly — ìåäëåííî;
• well — õîðîøî.

4.2.3 Ìåðû è ñòåïåíè

• very — î÷åíü;
• little — ìàëî;
• much — ìíîãî;
• quite — âïîëíå.

4.2.4 Âðåìåíè (îïðåäåë¸ííîå âðåìÿ)

• today — ñåãîäíÿ;
• yesterday — â÷åðà;
• tomorrow — çàâòðà;
• now — ñåé÷àñ;
• then — ïîòîì;
• the day before yesterday — ïîçàâ÷åðà;
• the day after tomorrow — ïîñëåçàâòðà;
• X days/minutes/years ago — X äíåé/ìèíóò/ëåò íàçàä;
• last morning/evening/week/month/year — ïðîøëûì óòðîì/âå÷åðîì/íåäåëè/ìåñÿö/ãîä.

4.2.5 Âðåìåíè (íåîïðåäåë¸ííîå âðåìÿ)

• usually — îáû÷íî;
• often — ÷àñòî;
• seldom — ðåäêî;
• rarely — ðåäêî;
• every day/minute/week/month/year — êàæäûé äåíü/ìèíóòó/íåäåëþ/ìåñÿö/ãîä;
• sometimes — èíîãäà;
• always — âñåãäà;
• already — óæå (óòâåðä. ïðåäëîæ.);
• yet — óæå (âîïðîñ. ïðåäëîæ.);
• yet — åù¸ (îòðèö. ïðåäëîæ.);
• still — åù¸, âñ¸ åù¸;
• still — íåïîäâèæíî (sit still);
• ever — êîãäà-íèáóäü;
• never — íèêîãäà;
• just — òîëüêî ÷òî/êàê ðàç.

5 Ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå

Ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå, â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå, íå èçìåíÿþòñÿ íè â ðîäå, íè â ÷èñëå.

5.1 Ïðîèçâîäíûå ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå

Ñóôôèêñàëüíûå

• îò ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ: -al, -able, -ic, -ical, -ive, -ful, -ous, -y, -ly
  • power (ìîùíîñòü) — powerful (ìîùíûé)
  • comfort (óäîáñòâî) — comfortable (óäîáíûé)
  • fame (ñëàâà) — famous (çíàìåíèòûé)
  • luck (ñ÷àñòüå) — lucky (ñ÷àñòëèâûé)
  • love (ëþáîâü) — lovely (ëþáèìûé)
• îò ãëàãîëîâ: -ive, ant(-ent), -able(-ible)
  • calculate (ñ÷èòàòü) — calculative (âû÷èñëèòåëüíûé)
  • operate (ôóíêöèîíèðîâàòü) — operable, operative (äåéñòâóþùèé)
• ðàçíûå: -less, -ish, -en
  • use (èñïîëüçîâàòü) — useless (áåñïîëåçíûé)
  • red (êðàñíûé) — reddish (êðàñíîâàòûé)
  • gold (çîëîòî) — golden (çîëîòîé)

Ïðåôèêñíûå

• un- — untrue (ëîæíûé)
• in- — insincere (íåèñêðåííèé)
• im- — impossible (íåâîçìîæíûé)
• ir- — irrelevant (íåóìåñòíûé)

5.2 Ñòåïåíè ñðàâíåíèÿ ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ

6 Ïðåäëîãè

Ïðåäëîãè ïîìîãàþò ñëîâàì îáîçíà÷àòü ïðàâèëüíûå îòíîøåíèÿ (ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûå, âðåìåííûå, ïðè÷èííûå, öåëåâûå è äð.) âî âçàèìîäåéñòâèå ìåæäó ñîáîé. Ïðåäëîãè äåëÿòñÿ íà ïðîñòûå è ñëîæíûå (ïðîèçâîäíûå, ñîñòàâíûå). Îäèíàêîâûå ïî ôîðìå ïðåäëîãè ìîãóò áûòü êàê ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûìè òàê è âðåìåííûìè.

6.1 Ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûå

• about — î/îá/ïðî: I know all about you.
• about — ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî/îêîëî/âîêðóã/ðÿäîì: I walked about the build.
• above — íàä: The lamp hang above you.
• across — ÷åðåç (ïðîñòðàíñòâî/ïðåäìåò): I go across the room.
• after — çà/ïîñëå/âñëåä çà: She came after me.
• against — ïðîòèâ (ïðîòèâîïîëîæíîå íàïðàâëåíèå): He went against the wind.
• along — âäîëü: I go along wall.
• among — ìåæäó (â ñðåäå): I am among students.
• around — âîêðóã, îêîëî: He walk around the lake.
• at — ó/ïðè/îêîëî (ìåñòî äåéñòâèÿ): We sit at the window.
• at — â/íà (ïðèíàäëåæíîñòü ê áîëüøîé ñèñòåìå): She work at the plant.
• because of — èç-çà/âñëåäñòâèå: I come to the home because of the rain.
• before — ïåðåä: He stood before.
• behind — çà/ïîçàäè: He stood behind me.
• below — íèæå: Temperature is below zero.
• between — ìåæäó (äâóìÿ): He sat between two women.
• by — óêàçàíèå íà òâîðèòåëüíûé ïàäåæ (Êåì?): The car was bought by my friend.
• by — ó/îêîëî: I stand by the door.
• for — äëÿ: I live for you!
• from — îò/èç/ñ ïîâåðõíîñòè/ó(îò) êîãî-ëèáî: I know it from her.
• in — â (âíóòðè): The pen is in the pocket.
• in front of — ïåðåä: My car is in front of the house.
• inside — âíóòðè/â: He sat inside box.
• into — â (äåéñòâèå âî âíóòðü): She enter into the room.
• near — âîçëå/ðÿäîì/îêîëî: He run near the house.
• of — óêàçàíèå íà ðîäèòåëüíûé ïàäåæ: It is the door of my room.
• of — î/îá: I know nothing of him.
• off — ñ/îò: I take the book off the table.
• on(upon) — íà (ïîâåðõíîñòè): The book lie on the table.
• onto — íà (äåéñòâèå íà ïîâåðõíîñòü): He put the money onto the table.
• out of — èç (äåéñòâèå íàðóæó): She exit out of the room.
• outside — âíå/çà ïðåäåëàìè: He stood outside the door.
• over — íàä (ñâåðõó): He sit over the waterfall.
• to — â/íà/ê (íàïðàâëåííîñòü äåéñòâèÿ): I went to the work.
• through — ñêâîçü/÷åðåç: I am seeing through the window.
• towards — íàïðàâëÿòüñÿ: He went towards the car.
• under — ïîä: I live under your press!
• with — óêàçàíèå íà òâîðèòåëüíûé ïàäåæ (×åì?): The window are washed with water.
• with — ñ/âìåñòå ñ: I go with you.
• without — áåç (êîãî-ëèáî/÷åãî-ëèáî): He didn't may live without she.

6.2 Âðåìåííûå

• about — îêîëî/ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî: I should call you about nine o'clock.
• after — ïîñëå: We will work it after two o'clock.
• after — ÷åðåç: After a few weeks she got married.
• at — â (îáîçíà÷àåò òî÷íîå âðåìÿ): at one o'clock/at that moment
• before — äî/ïåðåä: They had not been working before three o'clock.
• between — ìåæäó:
• by — ê (ê êàêîìó-ëèáî ìîìåíòó): He will come by ten o'clock.
• during — íà ïðîòÿæåíèè: They clean offices during summer.
• during — âî âðåìÿ: I don't want to call you during her sleep.
• for — â òå÷åíèå (ïðîìåæóòîê âðåìåíè): She has been sleeping for six hours.
• from — ñ (ïðîìåæóòîê âðåìåíè): I lived here from 1993.
• in — â (ñ âåêàìè): in the first century
• in — â (ñ ãîäàìè): in 2000
• in — â (ñ íàçâàíèÿìè ñåçîíîâ): in winter/in spring
• in — â (ñ íàçâàíèÿìè ìåñÿöåâ): in May/in December
• in — â (ñ íàçâàíèÿìè ÷àñòåé ñóòîê): in the morning/in the afternoon
• in — ÷åðåç ïðîìåæóòîê âðåìåíè: I will be back in five minutes.
• on — ñ äíÿìè íåäåëè: on Sunday
• on — ñ ïîëíûìè äàòàìè: on the first of May
• over — ñâûøå/áîëåå: I run over an hour.
• past — ïîñëå (îáîçíà÷àåò êîëè÷åñòâî ìèíóò, ïðîøåäøèõ â òåêóùåì ÷àñó): It was ten past five.
• since — ñ/ñ òåõ ïîð êàê: She has not been here since last year.
• till/until — äî (ïðîìåæóòîê âðåìåíè): I will live here till 2005.
• through — íà ïðîòÿæåíèè: We played throw two hours.
• to — áåç (îáîçíà÷àåò êîëè÷åñòâî ìèíóò, îñòàâøèõñÿ äî ñëåäóþùåãî ÷àñà): It is five to ten.

7 Ãëàãîëû

7.1 Ôîðìèðîâàíèå ñêàçóåìîãî

Çàëîã:

• active (îáúåêò âûïîëíÿåò äåéñòâèå);
• passive (äåéñòâèå âûïîëíÿåòñÿ íàä îáúåêòîì).

Õàðàêòåð äåéñòâèÿ:

• indefinite/simple (íåîïðåäåë¸ííîå/ïðîñòîå);
• continuous (ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîå);
• perfect (çàâåðøåííîå);
• perfect-continuous (çàâåðø¸ííî-ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîå).

Âðåìÿ:

• present (íàñòîÿùåå);
• past (ïðîøëîå);
• future (áóäóùåå);
• future in the Past (áóäóùåå â ïðîøëîì).

7.2 Áàçîâûå ôîðìóëû ïîñòðîåíèÿ àíãëèéñêîãî ñêàçóåìîãî

Active:

1. to + ~ ~ ~ ~
2. to be + ~ ~ ~ ~ ing
3. to have + ~ ~ ~ ~ ed (V3)
4. to have been + ~ ~ ~ ~ ing

Passive:

1. to be + ~ ~ ~ ~ ed (V3)
2. to be being + ~ ~ ~ ~ ed (V3)
3. to have been + ~ ~ ~ ~ ed (V3)

ãäå:

7.3 Ñêëîíåíèå ãëàãîëîâ è òàáëèöà íåïðàâèëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ

Ïåðå÷åíü ãëàãîëîâ êîòîðûå íå ìîãóò ïðèìåíÿòüñÿ â ôîðìå V-ing (V4), è âìåñòî ýòîãî ïðèìåíÿþòñÿ â V3: be, believe, belong, forget, hate, have, hear, know, love, like, mean, need, prefer, realize, remember, see, seem, suppose, think, understand, want.

7.4 Simple Present (to do)

Ïðîñòîå íàñòîÿùåå (ðåãóëÿðíîå) (áåãàåò, ëåòàåò)
Óêàçûâàåò íà ïîâòîðåíèå è ðåãóëÿðíîñòü äåéñòâèÿ.  îòðèöàòåëüíûõ è âîïðîñèòåëüíûõ ïðèëîæåíèÿõ â êà÷åñòâå âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà âñïëûâàåò "do": don't do(does). Òèïîâûå ñëó÷àè:

• Active <V1-to>:
  • I walk to the office — ß õîæó (îáû÷íî) â îôèñ.
  • I don't walk to the office — ß íå õîæó (îáû÷íî) â îôèñ.
  • Do you walk to the office? — Õîäèøü ëè òû (îáû÷íî) â îôèñ?
• Passive <to be + V3>:
  • I am consulted by you — ß (îáû÷íî) êîíñóëüòèðóþñü ó òåáÿ.
  • I am delivered the mail — Ìíå äîñòàâëÿþò (îáû÷íî) ïî÷òó.
  • The mail is delivered by I — Ïî÷òà äîñòàâëÿåòñÿ (îáû÷íî) ìíîé.

7.5 Present Continuous (to be)

Íàñòîÿùåå ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîå (â äàííûé ìîìåíò) (áåæèò, ëåòèò)
Óêàçûâàåò íà âûïîëíåíèå äåéñòâèÿ è åãî ïðîäîëæåíèå â ìîìåíò ðå÷è. Ìîæåò èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ çàïëàíèðîâàííûõ ñîáûòèé. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ çàïëàíèðîâàííûõ äåéñòâèé ÷àñòî èñïîëüçóåòñÿ çàðåçåðâèðîâàííîå âûðàæåíèå "going to (do)":

• Active <to be + V4>:
  • I am walking to the office — ß èäó (ñåé÷àñ) â îôèñ.
  • I am walking to the office tomorrow at 10:00 pm — ß ïîéäó â îôèñ çàâòðà â 10 ÷àñîâ âå÷åðà.
  • What are you going to do tomorrow? — ×òî âû äåëàåòå çàâòðà?
• Passive <to be + being + V3:
  • I am being consulted by you — ß êîíñóëüòèðóþñü (ñåé÷àñ) ó òåáÿ.
  • I am being consulted by you tomorrow at 10:00 pm — ß áóäó êîíñóëüòèðîâàòüñÿ ó òåáÿ çàâòðà â 10 ÷àñîâ âå÷åðà.
  • I am being delivered the mail — Ìíå äîñòàâëÿþò (ñåé÷àñ) ïî÷òó.
  • The mail is being delivered by I — Ïî÷òà äîñòàâëÿåòñÿ (ñåé÷àñ) ìíîé.

Ñóùåñòâóåò ãðóïïà ãëàãîëîâ êîòîðûå íå ìîãóò èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ â ýòîì ñëó÷àå, à âñåãäà ïðèìåíÿþòñÿ â "Simple": want, like, belong, know, suppose, remember, need, love, see, realize, mean, forget, prefer, hate, hear, believe, understand, seem, have (â ñìûñëå âëàäåíèÿ) è think (âåðèòü, èìåòü ìûñëü).

7.6 Present Perfect (to have)

Íàñòîÿùåå çàâåðø¸ííîå (ïðèáåæàë, ïðèëåòåë)
Óêàçûâàåò íà äåéñòâèå çàâåðøåííîå ê ìîìåíòó ðå÷è:

• Active <to have + V3>:
  1. Êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò î äåéñòâèè çàâåðøåííîì â ïðîøëîì(òîëüêî ÷òî çàâåðøåíî), íî â êàêîé-òî ìåðå ñâÿçàííîì ñ íàñòîÿùèì:
     • I have just walked to the office — ß ïðèøåë (òîëüêî ÷òî) â îôèñ.
  2. Äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ, íà÷àâøåãîñÿ â ïðîøëîì, íî ïðîäîëæàþùåãîñÿ â íàñòîÿùåì.
     • We have lived here for five years — Ìû æèâåì çäåñü â òå÷åíèè ïÿòè ëåò.
  3. Ïðè íàëè÷èè íàðå÷èé "ever" (êîãäà òî) è "never" (íèêîãäà).
     • I have never studied English — ß íèêîãäà íå ó÷èë Àíãëèéñêèé.
• Passive <to have been + V3>:
  • I have been punished by you — ß íàêàçàí (óæå) òîáîé
  • I have been delivered the mail — Ìíå äîñòàâèëè (òîëüêî ÷òî) ïî÷òó.
  • The mail has been delivered by I — Ïî÷òà äîñòàâèëàñü (óæå) ìíîé.

7.7 Present Perfect-continuous (have been)

Íàñòîÿùåå çàâåðø¸ííîå, ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîå (ñúåäåíî íåñêîëüêî àðáóçîâ)
Óêàçûâàåò íà äåéñòâèå, ÷àñòè÷íî çàâåðø¸ííîå â ïðîøëîì, íî â êàêîé-òî ìåðå ñâÿçàííîå ñ íàñòîÿùèì (â òå÷åíèè êàêîãî òî âðåìåíè):

• Active <to have been + V4>:
  • I have been walking to the office for an hour — ß èäó â îôèñ (óæå) â òå÷åíèè ÷àñà.

7.8 Simple Past (to do)

Ïðîñòîå ïðîøëîå (áåãàë, ëåòàë îáû÷íî)
Óêàçûâàåò íà äåéñòâèå çàâåðøåííîå â ïðîøëîì è íå ñâÿçàííîå ñ íàñòîÿùèì:

• Active <V2>:
  • I walked to the office — ß õîäèë (âîîáùå) â îôèñ.
• Passive <to be + V3>:
  • I was punished by you — ß íàêàçûâàëñÿ (îáû÷íî) òîáîé.
  • I was delivered the mail — Ìíå äîñòàâëÿëàñü ïî÷òà.
  • The mail was delivered by I — Ïî÷òà äîñòàâëÿëàñü ìíîé.

7.9 Past Continuous (to be)

Ïðîøëîå ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîå (áåæàë, ëåòàë îäíàæäû)
Óêàçûâàåò íà äëèòåëüíîå äåéñòâèå â ïðîøëîì, íà ôîíå êîòîðîãî ïðîèñõîäèò èíîå äåéñòâèå:

• Active (to be + V4):
  • I was walking to the office when the telephone rang — ß øåë â îôèñ, êîãäà çàçâîíèë òåëåôîí.
• Passive (to be + being + V3 ):
  • I was being punished by you when the telephone rang — ß íàêàçûâàëñÿ (îäíàæäû) òîáîé, êîãäà çàçâîíèë òåëåôîí.
  • I was being delivered the mail when the telephone rang — Ìíå äîñòàâëÿëè ïî÷òó, êîãäà çàçâîíèë òåëåôîí.
  • The mail was being delivered by I when the telephone rang — Ïî÷òà äîñòàâëÿëàñü ìíîé, êîãäà çàçâîíèë òåëåôîí.

7.10 Past Perfect (to have)

Ïðîøëîå çàâåðø¸ííîå (ïðèáåæàë, ïðèëåòåë óæå)
Óêàçûâàåò íà äåéñòâèå â ïðîøëîì, ïðîèñõîäèâøåå ðàíåå êàêîãî-òî ìîìåíòà:

• Active <to have + V3>:
  • I had walked to the office when the telephone rang — ß ïðèøåë (óæå) â îôèñ, êîãäà çàçâîíèë òåëåôîí.
• Passive <to have + been + V3>:
  • I had been punished by you when the telephone rang — ß (óæå) áûë íàêàçàí òîáîé, êîãäà çàçâîíèë òåëåôîí.
  • I had been delivered the mail when the telephone rang — Ìíå äîñòàâèëè ïî÷òó, êîãäà çàçâîíèë òåëåôîí.
  • The mail had been delivered by I when the telephone rang — Ïî÷òà äîñòàâèëàñü ìíîé, êîãäà çàçâîíèë òåëåôîí.

7.11 Past Perfect-continuous (have been)

Ïðîøëîå çàâåðøåííîå ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîå
Óêàçûâàåò íà äåéñòâèå â ïðîøëîì, ïðîèñõîäèâøåå â òå÷åíèè îïðåäåë¸ííîãî ïðîìåæóòêà âðåìåíè:

• Active <to have + been + V4>:
  • I had been walking to the office for an hour — ß øåë â îôèñ, (óæå) â òå÷åíèè ÷àñà.

7.12 Simple Future (to do)

Ïðîñòîå áóäóùåå (áóäåò áåãàòü, áóäåò ëåòàòü âîîáùå)
Óêàçûâàåò íà äåéñòâèå â áóäóùåì, â ìîìåíò ðå÷è. "Shall" äëÿ "I" è "we" ìîæåò èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ â ðåêîìåíäàöèÿõ è ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ:

• Active <Shall,Will + (V1-to)>:
  • I will walk to the office — ß áóäó õîäèòü (âîîáùå) â îôèñ.
• Passive <Shall,Will + be + V3>:
  • I will be consulted by you — ß áóäó êîíñóëüòèðîâàòüñÿ (âîîáùå) òîáîé.
  • I will be delivered the mail — Ìíå áóäåò äîñòàâëÿòüñÿ (âîîáùå) ïî÷òà.
  • The mail will be delivered by I — Ïî÷òà áóäåò äîñòàâëÿòüñÿ (âîîáùå) ìíîé.

7.13 Future Continuous (to be)

Áóäóùåå ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîå (çàïëàíèðîâàííîå) (áóäåò áåæàòü, áóäåò ëåòåòü îäíàæäû)
Óêàçûâàåò íà äëèòåëüíîå äåéñòâèå â áóäóùåì, íà ôîíå êîòîðîãî áóäåò ïðîèñõîäèòü èíîå äåéñòâèå:

• Active <Shall,Will + be + V4>:
  • I shall be walking to the office when the telephone rang — ß áóäó èäòè â îôèñ (îäíàæäû), êîãäà çàçâîíèò òåëåôîí.

7.14 Future Perfect (to have)

Áóäóùåå çàâåðøåííîå (ïðèáåæèò, ïðèëåòèò óæå)
Óêàçûâàåò íà äåéñòâèå â áóäóùåì, êîòîðîå áóäåò çàâåðøåíî ê îïðåäåë¸ííîìó ìîìåíòó.

• Active <Shall,Will + have + V3>:
  • I shall have walked to the office when the telephone rang — ß ïðèäó (óæå) â îôèñ, êîãäà çàçâîíèò òåëåôîí.
• Passive <Shall,Will + have + been + V3>:
  • I shall have been punished by you when the telephone rang — ß áóäó (óæå) íàêàçàí òîáîé, êîãäà çàçâîíèò òåëåôîí.
  • I shall have been delivered the mail when the telephone rang — Ìíå äîñòàâÿò (óæå) ïî÷òó, êîãäà çàçâîíèò òåëåôîí.
  • The mail will have been delivered by I when the telephone rang — Ïî÷òà áóäåò (óæå) äîñòàâëåíà ìíîé, êîãäà çàçâîíèò òåëåôîí.

7.15 Future Perfect-continuous (have been)

Áóäóùåå çàâåðø¸ííîå ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîå
Óêàçûâàåò íà äåéñòâèå â áóäóùåì, êîòîðîå áóäåò ïðîèñõîäèòü â òå÷åíèå îïðåäåë¸ííîãî ïðîìåæóòêà âðåìåíè:

• Active <Shall,Will + have + been + V4>:
  • I shall have been walking to the office for an hour when the telephone rang — ß áóäó (óæå) ÷àñ èäòè â îôèñ, êîãäà çàçâîíèò òåëåôîí.

7.16 Future in the Past Simple (to do)

Áóäóùåå â ïðîøëîì ïðîñòîå
Óêàçûâàåò íà äåéñòâèå â ïðîøëîì ïðè ðàçãîâîðå î áóäóùåì:

• Active <Should,Would + (V1-to)>:
  • He told I should walk to the office — Îí ãîâîðèë ÷òî ÿ áóäó (âîîáùå) õîäèòü â îôèñ.
• Passive <Should,Would + be + V3>:
  • He told I should be punished by you — Îí ãîâîðèë ÷òî, ÿ áóäó (âîîáùå) íàêàçûâàòüñÿ òîáîé.
  • He told I should be delivered the mail — Îí ãîâîðèë ÷òî, ìíå áóäóò (âîîáùå) äîñòàâëÿòü ïî÷òó.
  • He told The mail would be delivered by I — Îí ãîâîðèë ÷òî, ïî÷òà áóäåò (âîîáùå) äîñòàâëÿòüñÿ ìíîé.

7.17 Future in the Past Continuous (to be)

Áóäóùåå â ïðîøëîì ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîå
Óêàçûâàåò íà äåéñòâèå â ïðîøëîì, ïðîäîëæàþùååñÿ ê êàêîìó-òî ìîìåíòó, ïðè ðàçãîâîðå î áóäóùåì:

• Active <Should,Would + be + V4>:
  • He told I should be walking to the office — Îí ãîâîðèë ÷òî ÿ áóäó (îäíàæäû) èäòè â îôèñ.

7.18 Future in the Past Perfect (to have)

Áóäóùåå â ïðîøëîì çàâåðø¸ííîå
Óêàçûâàåò íà äåéñòâèå â ïðîøëîì, íà ôîíå êîòîðîãî áóäåò ïðîèñõîäèòü èíîå äåéñòâèå, ïðè ðàçãîâîðå î áóäóùåì:

• Active <Should,Would + have + V3>:
  • He told I should have walked to the office when the telephone rang — Îí ãîâîðèë ÷òî, ÿ (óæå) ïðèäó â îôèñ, êîãäà çàçâîíèò òåëåôîí.
• Passive <Should,Would + have + been + V3>:
  • He told I should have been punished by you when the telephone rang — Îí ãîâîðèë ÷òî, ÿ áóäó íàêàçàí òîáîé, êîãäà çàçâîíèò òåëåôîí.
  • He told I should have been delivered the mail when the telephone rang — Îí ãîâîðèë ÷òî, ìíå áóäåò äîñòàâëåíà ïî÷òà, êîãäà çàçâîíèò òåëåôîí.
  • He told The mail would have been delivered by I when the telephone rang — Îí ãîâîðèë ÷òî, ïî÷òà áóäåò äîñòàâëåíà ìíîé, êîãäà çàçâîíèò òåëåôîí.

7.19 Future in the Past Perfect-continuous (have been)

Áóäóùåå â ïðîøëîì çàâåðøåíî-ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîå
Óêàçûâàåò íà äåéñòâèå â ïðîøëîì íà ôîíå êîòîðîãî áóäåò ïðîèñõîäèòü èíîå äåéñòâèå â òå÷åíèè îïðåäåë¸ííîãî ïðîìåæóòêà âðåìåíè ïðè ðàçãîâîðå î áóäóùåì:

• Active <Should,Would + have + been + V4>:
  • He told I should have been walking to the office for hour when the telephone rang — Îí ãîâîðèë ÷òî, ÿ áóäó (óæå) ÷àñ èäòè â îôèñ, êîãäà çàçâîíèò òåëåôîí.

7.20 Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ãëàãîëîâ: do, be, have â ðîëè ñìûñëîâûõ.

• You do it now. — Òû äåëàåøü ýòî ñåé÷àñ.
• She will do it tomorow. — Îíà áóäåò äåëàòü ýòî çàâòðà.
• We are students. — Ìû ñòóäåíòû.
• I shall be student. — ß áóäó ñòóäåíòîì.
• We have a house. — Ìû èìååì äîì.
• He will have a house. — Îí áóäåò èìåòü äîì.

7.21 GOING TO FUTURE (äåéñòâèå â áóäóùåì)

<to be going + Infinitive>
Èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ çàðàíåå çàïëàíèðîâàííûõ äåéñòâèé. "Going to" ÿâëÿåòñÿ ÷àñòíûé ñëó÷àé "Present Continues" ôîðìû âûðàæåíèÿ çàïëàíèðîâàííûõ äåéñòâèé.

• I am goind to walk to the office — ß ñîáèðàþñü èäòè â îôèñ.
• I am walking to the office at evening. — ß õîæó â îôèñ ïî âå÷åðàì.

7.22 Subjunctive — Ñîñëàãàòåëüíîå íàêëîíåíèå

Subjunctive: He, she, it go, take, have
Indicative: He, she, it goes, takes, has

•  ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ âûðàæàþùèõ íåîáõîäèìîñòü, òðåáîâàíèå, ïðèêàçàíèÿ, ïîæåëàíèå è ò.ä (necessary, desirable, important, insist, recommended):

•  ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ïîñëå ñîþçîâ <as if, as though>:

•  ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ âûðàæàþùèõ íåîñóùåñòâèìîå æåëàíèå <to wish>:

•  íåðåàëüíûõ óñëîâíûõ ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ:

•  ïðîñòûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ýêâèâàëåíòíûõ ïî ñìûñëó ïðèäàòî÷íîìó:

7.23 Ìîäàëüíûå ãëàãîëû (Âûðàæàþò îòíîøåíèå ê äåéñòâèþ)

• May, might <May + V1> — Âûðàæàåò ïðîñüáó, ñîìíåíèå:

• Can <Can + V1>, could <could + Infinitive> — Âûðàæàåò âîçìîæíîñòü èëè ñïîñîáíîñòü:

• Must <Must + V1> — Âûðàæàåò äîëæåíñòâîâàíèå:

• Need <Need + V1> — Âûðàæàåò ïîòðåáíîñòü, è óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òîëüêî â ôîðìå íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè:

• Should — Âûðàæàåò - íàñòàâëåíèå, óâåùåâàíèå,ðåêîìåíäàöèþ:

• Would — Âûðàæàåò - ïîâòîðíîñòü äåéñòâèÿ â ïðîøëîì, ïðîñüáó, íàìåðåíèÿ, æåëàíèÿ

8 Óñòîÿâøèåñÿ êîíñòðóêöèè è ñîñòàâíûå âûðàæåíèÿ

• each other — (Ãîâîðèëè) äðóã äðóãó;
• long time — (Äåëàòü äàâíî);
• fairly well — (Ãîâîðþ) äîâîëüíî õîðîøî;

9 Ïîñòðîåíèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ

Ñîñòàâíûå ýëåìåíòû ïðåäëîæåíèÿ:

• Ïîäëåæàùåå(êòî?/÷òî?) — ìîæåò èìåòü îïèñàòåëüíûå ñëîâà, êîòîðûå ñòàâÿòñÿ ïåðåä èëè ïîñëå ïîäëåæàùåãî.
• Ñêàçóåìîå — îáîçíà÷àåò äåéñòâèå, ìåíÿåò ôîðìó ïðè îïèñàíèè ðàçëè÷íûõ ñèòóàöèé.
• Äîïîëíåíèå — îáîçíà÷àåò ïðåäìåòû è ïîíÿòèÿ ñ êîòîðûìè ãëàâíûé ÷ëåí (ïîäëåæàùåå) âñòóïàåò âî âçàèìîäåéñòâèå.
• Îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà — áûâàþò îáðàçà äåéñòâèÿ(êàê?), âðåìåíè(êîãäà?), ìåñòà(ãäå?). Ïîðÿäîê ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâ: îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî îáðàçà äåéñòâèÿ, îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî ìåñòà, îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî âðåìåíè.

9.1 Ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíî-óòâåðäèòåëüíîå

9.2 Âîïðîñèòåëüíîå

9.3 Ïîâåëèòåëüíîå

<Infinitive (áåç to) + ...>

• Take a pen! — Âîçüìèòå ðó÷êó!
• Make a plan! — Ñîñòàâüòå ïëàí!

9.4 Âîñêëèöàòåëüíîå

9.5 Îòðèöàòåëüíîå

• ×àñòèöà "not":

• Ñëîâî "no" (âîîáùå íèêàêîé/íèñêîëüêî).

• Ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèå "at all" (âîîáùå).

• Ñëîâî "nobody" (íèêòî).

• Ñëîâî "nothing" (íè÷åãî).

• Ñëîâî "never" (íèêîãäà).

• "None" (íè îäèí).

Òàáëèöà Ñîêðàùåíèÿ âûðàæåíèé ñ ÷àñòèöåé "not"

Ññûëêè

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